AHS1110_13_Endocrine System

acr/o

extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point

adren/o

adrenal glands

crin/o

secrete

-dipsia

thirst

glyc/o

glucose, sugar

gonad/o

gonad, sex glands

-ism

condition, state of

pancreat/o

pancreas

parathyroid/o

parathyroid glands

pineal/o

pineal gland

pituitar/o

pituitary gland

poly-

many

somat/o

body

thym/o

thymus gland

thyr/o, thyroid/o

thyroid gland

acromegaly

abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

Addison's disease

condition where adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone

adrenalitis

inflammation of the adrenal glands

aldosteronism

abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by excessive aldosterone

antidiuretic hormone

hormone secreted by hypothalamus, reduces water excretion by kidneys

calcitonin

hormone from the thyroid gland that decreases calcium levels

corticosteroids

steroid hormones produced by adrenal cortex

cortisol

also called hydrocortisone; anti-inflammatory and metabolism regulator

cretinism

congenital form of hypothyroidism

Cushing's syndrome

condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

diabetes insipidus

uncommon disorder caused by insufficient antidiuretic hormone production

diabetes mellitus

group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia

diabetic ketoacidosis

life-threatening diabetes complication caused by buildup of ketones

diabetic retinopathy

damage to the retina due to uncontrolled diabetes

electrolytes

minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium necessary for body function

epinephrine

hormone (adrenaline) that stimulates sympathetic nervous system

estrogen

hormone important for female secondary sex characteristics and menstrual cycle regulation

exophthalmos

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates estrogen secretion and egg/sperm production

fructosamine test

blood test measuring average glucose levels over past 3 weeks

gestational diabetes mellitus

diabetes during pregnancy

gigantism

abnormal growth due to excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

glucagon

hormone that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown

glucose

basic form of energy used by the body

Graves' disease

disorder where immune system attacks thyroid, causing hyperthyroidism

growth hormone

hormone regulating growth of bones and tissues

gynecomastia

excessive mammary development in males

Hashimoto's disease

autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid gland

hypercalcemia

abnormally high calcium levels in the blood

hyperglycemia

abnormally high blood glucose concentration

hyperinsulinism

excessive insulin secretion

hyperpituitarism

excess secretion of growth hormone (causes acromegaly and gigantism)

hyperthyroidism

overproduction of thyroid hormones

hypoglycemia

abnormally low blood glucose concentration

hypothyroidism

condition caused by deficiency of thyroid secretion

insulin

hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells to lower blood glucose

insulinoma

benign tumor of pancreas causing extra insulin secretion

ketosis

normal metabolic process using stored fat for energy

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

minimally invasive removal of adrenal gland(s)

leptin

hormone regulating appetite, secreted by fat cells

luteinizing hormone

stimulates ovulation (female) and testosterone production (male)

myxedema

severe form of adult hypothyroidism

norepinephrine

hormone and neurohormone for fight-or-flight response

oxytocin

hormone stimulating uterine contractions and milk ejection

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

parathyroidectomy

surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands

pituitary adenoma

slow-growing benign tumor of the pituitary gland

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyphagia

excessive hunger

polyuria

excessive urination

prediabetes

condition with higher-than-normal blood glucose but not yet diabetes

progesterone

hormone supporting pregnancy, released in second half of menstrual cycle

prolactinoma

benign pituitary tumor producing excess prolactin

puberty

period when secondary sex characteristics develop and reproductive maturity is reached

radioactive iodine treatment

treatment for thyroid disease by destroying thyroid cells

steroids

hormones derived from cholesterol

testosterone

steroid hormone that develops male secondary sex characteristics

thymectomy

surgical removal of the thymus gland

thymosin

hormone that matures lymphocytes into T cells

thyroxine (T4)

thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism and growth

triiodothyronine (T3)

thyroid hormone working alongside thyroxine to regulate metabolism

hyperparathyroidism

overproduction of parathyroid hormone

hypoparathyroidism

deficient secretion of parathyroid hormone

hypercalcemia

high calcium concentration in blood

hypocalcemia

low calcium concentration in blood

myasthenia gravis

autoimmune disease affecting muscle strength, associated with thymus

insulin replacement therapy

treatment for type 1 diabetes using injected or pump-delivered insulin

metformin

oral medication used to manage type 2 diabetes

diabetic coma

loss of consciousness caused by severe hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia

diabetic shock (insulin shock)

severe hypoglycemia causing unconsciousness

diabetic retinopathy

eye disorder from diabetes leading to vision loss

Addison's disease

adrenal insufficiency disease causing weakness and weight loss

Cushing's syndrome

hormonal disorder from excess cortisol

aldosteronism

excessive aldosterone secretion causing electrolyte imbalance

LADA

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (slow onset type 1 diabetes)

HbA1c test

blood test measuring average blood glucose over previous 3-4 months

home blood glucose monitoring

monitoring blood sugar with portable device

CGM (continuous glucose monitoring)

real-time glucose monitoring using a sensor under the skin

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

hormone regulating calcium levels in blood and tissues

-trop/o

to turn, change

cortic/o

cortex

adren/o

adrenal gland

lact/o

milk

-gen

producing

-ic

pertaining to