Remedial Instruction in SPEAKING

Clustering

Grouping words into larger chunks to facilitate speech production.

Redundancy

Repetition of information or language elements for emphasis and clarity in communication.

Reduced forms

Altered pronunciations of words or phrases that occur in natural speech.

Performance variables

Factors that affect the speaker's ability to communicate effectively, such as anxiety and fatigue.

Colloquial language

Informal language used in everyday conversation rather than formal speech.

Rate of delivery

The speed at which someone speaks, affecting comprehension and clarity.

Stress, rhythm, and intonation

Aspects of speech that contribute to meaning and emotional expression.

Interaction

The communicative exchange between speakers and listeners, influencing fluency.

Listen and imitate technique

A method where learners repeat after a teacher's spoken model to practice pronunciation.

Phonetic training

Instruction using articulatory diagrams and phonetic alphabets to teach correct pronunciation.

Minimal pair drills

Exercises focusing on pairs of words that differ by a single sound to reinforce pronunciation.

Contextualized minimal pairs

Teaching method using contextual settings to present vocabulary and enhance response.

Visual aids

Materials that support understanding and production of focus sounds in pronunciation.

Tongue twisters

Phrases designed to challenge pronunciation skills through rapid and repetitive speech.

Developmental approximation drills

Exercises that mimic the developmental stages of language acquisition for phonetic sounds.

Recording of learners’ production

Using audio playback to provide feedback and facilitate self-evaluation in speech practice.