Digestion and metabolism (Aine Kelly part 3 lecture 1)

essential nutrients are defined as … an animal cannot assemble from … … …

materials, simpler organic molecules

linoleic acid is converted to … … … by … … … which is the precursor for … and …

gamma linoleic acid, fatty acid desaturase, phospholipids and prostaglandins

four classes of essential nutrients

1. essential amino acids

2. essential fatty acids

3. vitamins

4. minerals

digestion is the process of … food into molecules … enough to …

breaking, small, absorb

mechanical digestion (chewing or grinding) increases … … of food

surface area

chemical digestion splits food into molecules small enough to pass through …

membranes

mammalian accessory glands

1. salivary

2. pancreas

3. liver

4. gallbladder

saliva contains … which is a viscous mixture of water, salt, cells, … and …

mucus, glycoproteins and amylase

tongue movements in the oral cavity shape food into a …

bolus

… is the opening between … … which produces sound and allows airflow

glottis, vocal cords

… is the … flap situated above the glottis which acts as a … and prevents food from entering the trachea

epiglottis, cartilaginous, lid

the … is the junction which opens to both the teachea and esophagus

pharynx

when epiglottis shuts the entry to the trachea, the bolus is directed by the … which is the upper part of the … tract

larynx, respiratory

within the esophagus, the bolus is pushed from the pharynx to the stomach by … which is a rhythmic … of muscles in the … …

peristalsis, contraction, canal wall

peristalsis first occurs in the … and later on also in the … and … …

esophagus, small and large intestines

valves called … regulate movement of material between compartments

sphincters

digestion in the stomach is both … and …

mechanical and chemical

the mixture of ingested food and gastric juice in the stomach is called …

chyme

gastric juice has a pH of around … and is made up of … and …

2, HCl and pepsin

… cells secrete … and … ions separately into the lumen of the stomach

parietal, hydrogen and chloride

… cells secrete … which is activated to … when mixed with … in the stomach

chief, pepsinogen, pepsin, HCl

… protects the stomach … from gastric juice

mucus, lining

… also activates more … in the stomach a chain reaction

pepsin, pepsinogen

in the duodenum, chyme from the stomach mixes with … juices of the …, … and … (and the small intestine itself)

digestive, pancreas, liver and gallbladder

is the solution in the duodenum acidic or alkaline?

alkaline

Bile facts

1. … … facilitate digestion of … and are a major component of bile

2. bile is made in the … and stored in the …

3. bile also destroys … …

1. bile salts, fats

2. liver, gallbladder

3. nonfunctional RBCs

pancreas produces proteases … and … which are activated in the lumen of the …

trypsin, chymotrypsin, duodenum

small intestine has a large surface area due to … and …

villi and microvilli

transport across the epithelial cells of the small intestine can be … or … depending on the type of nutrient

passive or active

most water is absorbed in the … … through …

small intestine, osmosis

… … … carries nutrient rich blood from capillaries of the villi to the … and then to the … and onwards to all organs

hepatic portal vein, liver, heart

liver regulates nutrient …, it also … and … many organic molecules

distribution, interconverts and detoxifies

Digestion and absorption of fats

1. … … break up … … increasing exposure of triglycerides to hydrolysis

2. the enzyme … breaks down … into … … and …

3. … … and … diffuse into … cells and are reformed into …

4. … are incoporated into water soluble particles called …

5. … enter … and are carried away by …

6. lymphatic vessels deliver … containing lymph to large … that return blood to the …

1. bile salts, fat globules

2. lipase, triglycerides, fatty acids and monoglycerides

3. fatty acids, monoglycerides, epithelial, triglycerides

4. triglycerides, chylomicrons

5. chylomicrons, lacteals, lymph

6. chylomicron, veins, heart

part of

1. small intestine

2. large intestine

1. duodenum, jejunum and ilium

2. cecum, colon and rectum

two sphincters between the … and … control bowel movement (pooping)

rectum and anus

cecum aids in … of … material and the colon completes the absorption of … (+ note that the appendix has a small role in …)

fermentation, plant, water, immunity

Nervous system: control of salivary secretion

1. … and … in mouth send input directly to the … … in the … in the brain

2. other inputs also come to the … … through the … …

3. … … in the … sends output to … glands through the …

4. this increases … secretion

1. pressure receptors, chemoreceptors, salivary center, medulla

2. salivary center, cerebral cortex

3. salivary center, medulla, salivary, ANS

4. salivary

Endocrine system of the digestive system

1. gastrin stimulates production of … …

2. CCK stimulates release of digestive … and … from the … and the …

3. secretin stimulates release of … from the pancreas

1. gastric juices

2. enzymes, bile, pancreas and gallbladder

3. bicarbonate

3 important hormones in endocrine system of the digestive system

1. gastrin

2. CCK

3. secretin

another name for fed state and fasting state respectively

absorptive and postabsorptive

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of related risk factos including:

1. increased visceral adiposity

2. insulin resistance

3. hypertension

4. high triglyceride levels

5. low HDL

all risk factors and symptoms of metabolic syndrome increase the risk of developing … … and … disease

type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular

what appears to be the central mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and MetS?

chronic state of inflammation

4 hormones which regulate short and long term appetite by affecting the satiety center in the brain

1. leptin

2. ghrelin

3. PPY

4. insulin

Hormones which affect the satiety center

1. ghrelin is secreted by the … … and triggers a feeling of …

2. insulin and PPY are secreted by the … … and … appetite

3. leptin is produced by … tissue and … appetite (plays a role in regulating body … levels)

1. stomach walls, hunger

2. small intestine, suppress

3. fat, suppresses, fat

GIP is secreted by … cells and GLP-1 is secreted by … cells

duodenojejunal, ileocolonic

GIP and GLP-1 increase:

1. … in the brain

2. … in adipocytes

3. beta cell … and … release in the pancreas

1. satiety in the brain

2. lipolysis in adipocytes

3. beta cell proliferation and insulin release in the pancreas

GIP and GLP-1 decrease: (write out full answers)

1. … … deposition in adipocytes

2. gastric … and … in the stomach

3. gastrointestinal … in the intestines

4. beta cell … and … release in the pancreas

1. ectopic fat deposiion in adipocytes

2. gastric secretion and emptying in the stomach

3. gastrointestinal motility in the intestines

4. beta cell apoptosis and glucagon release in the pancreas