WHAP FINAL (copy)

Vocabulary units 1-5

Delhi Sultanate

newly-converted turkish muslims invaded india and created a muslim political state in 1206

Sufi Muslims

a form of islam that emphasized a more emotional and ecstatic experience

Ghana

a west african country where islam spread by the commercial enterprises of traveling merchants

Mali

a west african civilization that broke away from ghana in the 13th century

founded by sundiata

as islam came into the empire, it caused many cities to emerge as centers of trade, commerce, and learning

Songhai

an empire that broke away from mali in the 14th century

muslim clerics did not like that islam was not adhered to strictly within the kingdom so they called for an invasion to cleanse it which was done by the 16th century

Seljuk Empire

captured baghdad in 1055 and took the remaining portions of the abbasid empire

recaptured all territory in 1291

Bhakti Movement

a manifestation of Hindu beliefs from the 12th century

emphasized the emotional side of devotion, one God, religious experience, and direct relationship with the gods

Vijayanagara Kingdom

a hindu kingdom set up in 1336 by brothers who converted from hinduism to islam, then back to hinduism

Srivijaya Empire

a buddhist empire in sumatra

muslims came to dominate trading ports on sumatra after its collapse

Caste System

a hierarchical structure of indian society that divided people into five groups each one better than the one below 

to move up castes get good karma

Great Zimbabwe

An impressive city state in southeast africa near the zambezi and limpopo rivers

Had massive stone walls and buildings

Mwene mutapa ruled as a central figure

The center of trade for all of southern africa

Magna Carta

Officially guaranteed rights to the nobles

Facilitated the transfer of power from the king to the noble class in 1215

Bourgaise

The middle class

Not as rich as nobles and not as poor as peasants

Swahili City-States

important trading cities in east africa

emerged in the 8th century

rulers found abundant opportunities to trade native goods

Neo-Confucianism

a fusion of rational thought with daoist and buddhist beliefs that originated in china but soon spread to korea and japan

religious syncretism

Swahili Language

combination of bantu and arabic languages

a major cultural consequence of the spread of islam from muslim merchants

Ivan the Terrible

Crowned in 1547

Was able to expand the russian territory even further east and took much of the land that was held by the mongols

Peter the Great

Began rule in 1682

Known for traveling to other european kingdoms in secret to learn their ways

A brutal autocrat, crushed dissent through murder 

Qing Dynasty

The manchu seized power of china and established in 1644 

Chinese territory was significantly expanded into taiwan, mongolia, central asia, and tibet

Mehmed II

a ruler who led the ottomans to capture constantinople which ended the byzantine empire in 1453

Shia Islam

a type of islam that believes that muhammad designated his family to lead the muslim community

Sunni Islam

a type of islam that believes that muhammad did not explicitly declare a successor

Mughal Empire

A muslim dynasty who ruled over a majority hindu population

Dominated much of india for several centuries

Palace of Versailles

Built by Louis XIV 

principal residence of french kings

provided europe with a model of the ideal royal residence

Devshirme

a system of forced labor where janissaries were taken from their homes to serve in the ottoman military

Janissaries

Enslaved christian boys that were trained to be an elite squad in the ottoman army

Taj Mahal

Commissioned by shah jahan as a tomb for his wife

Tokugawa Shogunate

The consolidation of power after a period of political and social fragmentation in japan

A few daimyo grew more and more powerful and unified more and more of japan

John Calvin

Under his leadership the protestant reformation spread into geneva

Counter-Reformation

Engaged after the catholic church did acknowledge that some of its practices had become corrupt

Sunni vs. Shia Islam

The ottomans were sunni and the safavids were shia

Ottomans and safavids were in constant dispute

Sikhism

A new religion that was a blend of islam and hinduism 

Emerged during akbar’s rule

Mercantilism

The economic system that dominated europe in the period 1450-1750

the world’s wealth seen as a fixed amount of wealth to be had

Vasco da Gama

an explorer sailed around the southern tip of africa and continued all the way to india

Ferdinand Magellan

The first explorer to circumnavigate the globe by going west and then south around the tip of south africa

John Cabot

An explorer sponsored by the english state in 1497

He aimed to find a northwest passage to asia so that they didn't have to sail all the way around south america

Quebec

Established by the french a year after jamestown was established as a trading post with the natives

Sugarcane

The portuguese took to growing this in their brazilian colony and it was making them so wealthy

Led to the use of enslaved laborers from. africa in brazil

Atlantic Slave Trade

Millions of africans were forcibly removed from their homes and made to participate

Kongo

agricultural society that emerged on the congo river in africa

converted to christianity

weakened by slave trade

Asante

Emerged from slave trade interactions 

Unified by osei tutu 

The dutch made connections with them by 1700

Slaves and gold became their major exports

They maintained their high power until the 1820s

Treaty of Tordesillas

In 1494 spain and portugal settled their differences in this treaty

Portugal controlled all the land east of a particular meridian line and the spanish controlled all the land west of the line

Coerced Labor

labor against one’s will

promoted the expansion of empires

Hacienda

The spanish government granted land holdings to conquistadors and spanish nobles and they were able to lease that land to other spaniards of the lower class

Once the lower class people started working for the lords, they were unlikely to stop because of their low wages and debts

Encomienda

The beneficiary was granted responsibility for a certain number of natives

The nobles gave protection and christian education to the natives in return for labor

Mita

A colonial system in peru by which the spanish government required natives to perform periodic forced labor

Chattel Slavery

A kind of slavery in which people owned other people as property

Indentured Servitude

A system in which people worked for seven years and then became free

Polygny 

When one man takes multiple wives

Hernan Cortes

A spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the aztec empire

Francisco Pizzaro

A spanish conquistador best known for his expeditions that led to the spanish conquest of the inca empire

Vodun

A religion practiced by the aha, ewe, and fon peoples of benin, togo, ghana, and nigeria

Pugachev Rebellion

In 1774 cossacks rose up in rebellion against  the system of serfdom perpetuated by catherine the great

Casta System

A social hierarchy based on ancestry and race in the americas

Peninsulares > creoles > castas (mestizos, mulattoes, zambos) > indigenous and african people

Francis Bacon

Created empiricism - the idea that reality is discerned through the senses

John Locke

Made contributions to the political side of things through his book Two Treatises on Government

He argued that the divine right of kings was deeply flawed

Human beings are endowed with natural rights like life, liberty, and property

Adam Smith

Published a book called the Wealth of Nations which was his critique of the mercantilist economies of Europe in 1776

His replacement for mercantilism was the idea that the government needed to take their hands off and just let things go