PSYCH Exams

Effects of Sleep on Facial Recognition

Sleep deprivation, such as 30 hours, significantly reduces the ability to identify angry and happy expressions, particularly in moderate emotional intensity.

Foe Misinterpretation

Insufficient sleep removes the 'rose tint' from the emotional world, leading to an overestimation of threat.

Role of REM Sleep

High-quality REM sleep is linked to improved facial expression recognition, essentially 'resetting' the emotional compass.

Memory Sound Experiment Results

Participants who heard associated sounds while napping remembered the locations of items better compared to those who did not hear sounds.

Clearing the Memory USB Stick

During deep sleep, memories are transferred from the hippocampus (temporary storage) to the cortex (long-term storage), effectively 'forgetting' unneeded data.

Selective Pruning

Sleep does not just strengthen memories but also edits them to retain general knowledge and concepts.

Overnight Therapy

REM sleep allows for recollection of events without the emotional charge, helping to alleviate emotional damage.

Selective Directed Forgetting

The brain can choose to forget information deemed non-essential after receiving daytime cues.

Motor Memory Experiment Results

Participants showed significant improvements in speed and accuracy after a night of sleep, indicating sleep's role in memory consolidation.

Impact of Sleep on Facial Recognition and Reaction Time

Sleep deprivation does not affect the ability to remember and sort faces despite tiredness.

Cortical Slow Oscillations and Learning

During NREM sleep, slow oscillations reactivate hippocampal memories, mediating transfer from temporary to long-term memory.

Nychthemeron

A cycle of sleepiness 6-8 hours after waking followed by a period of high alertness.

Adenosine and Process S

Adenosine accumulates as a marker of sleep drive; during sleep, it is cleared, reducing sleep pressure for the next day.

Light Exposure Effects

Evening light exposure suppresses melatonin and delays sleep, while morning light advances the circadian rhythm.

Key Sleep Assessment Tools

PSQI evaluates sleep quality, ESS measures daytime sleepiness, SS quantifies immediate sleepiness, MSLT measures sleep onset time.

Rats Sleep Deprivation Methods

Methods like Disk-Over-Water and Flower Pot prevent sleep, with deprived rats getting only 10-15% of their normal sleep time.

Randy Gardner

Record-holder for the longest intentional absence of sleep (264 hours) without stimulants.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Cognitive impairment, mood swings, weakened immunity, and altered sleep architecture.

Microsleep Definition

Episodes of sleep lasting from fractions of a second to 30 seconds; individuals are often unaware.

SAFTE Model

A framework to measure sleep's impact on performance, used to optimize safety in various organizations.

Sleep Deprivation's Impact on Fear and Reward Centers

Sleep deprivation disrupts the prefrontal cortex and amygdala interaction, leading to heightened responses to negative stimuli.

Psychiatric Conditions and Sleep Deprivation

Chronic sleep deprivation is linked to psychiatric disturbances; all major mental conditions feature abnormal sleep patterns.

Sleep Duration and College GPA

Increased nightly sleep duration in early semesters correlates with higher end-of-year GPA.

Daylight Savings Time History

Adopted during WWI for energy saving, with the U.S. quickly following suit.

Public Health Risks of DST

Increased heart attack risk by 24% in spring and 30 extra car crash fatalities the Monday after DST in March.

Class’s DST Experiment Results

Lower overall Sleep Score and increased naptime for participants during DST.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Adenosine Receptor Density

Increased density after sleep deprivation suggests heightened brain sensitivity to adenosine.

Amygdala Activation and Sleep Deprivation

Increased amygdala activity (60% higher) corresponds with sleep deprivation, affecting decision-making.

Nucleus Accumbens Function and Sleep Deprivation

The pleasure center which overestimates rewards in sleep-deprived individuals, affecting rational control.

Intrusive Memories, PTSD, and Sleep Deprivation

Reduced rDLPFC engagement in sleep-deprived individuals impairs memory suppression and contributes to PTSD symptoms.

Statement on Sleep and Major Psychiatric Conditions

Reflects that poor sleep is a fundamental aspect of mental illnesses, not merely a symptom.

Sleep Deprivation as Depression Therapy

Total sleep deprivation can reduce depressive symptoms in 59% of patients, but effects are temporary.

Sleep and Alzheimer's Disease

Short sleep duration in middle age is linked to the accumulation of Alzheimer's-related proteins.

Glymphatic System and Sleep

Helps clear waste from the brain; dysfunction is tied to Alzheimer's disease development.

Neurons That Fire Together Wire Together

Reinforces the connection between simultaneous neuron activation and strengthened synapses for easier learning.

Cleansing of the Brain via Sleep Structures

The glymphatic system works during slow-wave sleep to clear metabolic waste through synchronized brain activity.

Restless REM and PTSD

Frequent awakenings from REM indicate emotional dysregulation and hinder traumatic memory processing.

Effects of REM and Slow-Wave Sleep Deprivation

REM deprivation affects emotional regulation and cognitive function while SWS deprivation leads to physical fatigue and memory deficits.

Beauty Sleep Concept

Sleep-deprived individuals appear less healthy and attractive, indicating social perceptions influenced by sleep quality.

Cortical Oscillations and Diabetes

NREM sleep coupling is linked to next-day glucose control, suggesting potential diabetes treatment pathways.

Perforins and T Cell Sleep Efficiency

Sleep enhances perforin activation in T cells, improving immune response against viral infections.

Complete Sleep Deprivation Study Results

Elevated glucose and insulin levels post-deprivation indicate increased risks for metabolic disorder.

Myoclonus and Hypnic Jerk Definitions

Myoclonus is an involuntary muscle jerk; hypnic jerks are associated with a falling sensation during sleep onset.

Tonic vs. Phasic REM Sleep

Tonic REM is stable, while phasic REM features bursts of activity linked to autonomic nervous system changes.

Cardiovascular Effects During Sleep

NREM reduces heart rate and blood pressure; REM causes fluctuations in both.

Cardiovascular Health and Sleep Deprivation

Increased SNS activity from sleep deprivation raises blood pressure and heart rate, harming cardiovascular health.

Breathing and Body Temperature During Sleep

Breathing is regular during NREM and irregular during REM; body temperature regulation differs across sleep stages.

Tumescence Definition

Vascular congestion in sex organs during REM sleep, not necessarily linked to dreams.

Hormonal Release Patterns During Sleep

Melatonin peaks at night, GH during deep sleep, and cortisol rises after waking.

Hormones Related to Sleep

Growth hormone, ADH, prolactin, oxytocin, ghrelin, insulin, cortisol, aldosterone, and leptin influence sleep and metabolism.

Methylxanthines Effects

Caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine stabilize wakefulness but delay sleep.

Alcohol's Biphasic Effect

Initially a stimulant, alcohol becomes a depressant after several drinks.

Alcohol Effects on Sleep Quality

While it helps fall asleep, it disrupts REM and leads to fragmented sleep.

Insomnia Definition and Symptoms

Persistent sleep initiation or maintenance difficulty causing daytime impairment.

Sedative vs. Hypnotic Definitions

Sedative reduces anxiety; hypnotic encourages sleep onset. Increased doses lead to consciousness impairment.

Barbiturates Effects and Risks

Used as anesthetics, these drugs have a narrow therapeutic range and can be lethal.

Benzodiazepines vs. Barbiturates

Both are CNS depressants, but benzodiazepines are generally safer and less addictive.

Rohypnol Classification

A powerful benzodiazepine known for its use in date rape cases.

GABA Receptor Importance with Sedatives

Drugs binding to GABA increase overdose risk due to enhanced nervous system depressant effects.

Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotics

Medications designed for insomnia with fewer side effects than benzodiazepines.

Ramelteon Functionality and Safety

A melatonin receptor selective agonist that is non-controlled and avoids abuse potential.

Suvorexant and Doxepin Mechanisms

Suvorexant inhibits wakefulness while Doxepin blocks arousal via histamine receptors.

Antihistamines Limitations as Sleep Aids

Cause tolerance, next-day drowsiness, and disrupt sleep quality.

Type I Error Definition

Rejecting a true null hypothesis in statistical testing.

p Value Meaning

Probability of observing results if the null hypothesis is true.

Contrast in ANOVA

Targets specific group comparisons, unlike overall ANOVA which identifies general differences.

Effect Size Difference from p Value

Effect size indicates practical significance of a result, whereas p-value denotes statistical significance.

Types of ANOVAs

One-Way ANOVA compares means of one dependent variable across one categorical variable.