UNIT 2 AP Human Geo Flashcards Chpt 2 & 3

MDC (More Developed Country)

Country with high degree of economic growth and security, with a strong, diversified economy. High GDP per capita, life expectancy, resource access, literacy rates, health care access. e.g. U.S., Japan, most Western Euro nations.

LDC (Less Developed Country)

Country in the process of industrialization and has a lower standard of living (most disadvantaged) economies often dependent on agriculture or raw materials, limited access to capital, Lower life expectancy, and education rates. Higher infant mortality rates and vulnerability to economic and environmental shocks. e.g. Afghanistan, Cambodia, Ethiopia.

GDP & GDP per capita

Gross Domestic Production- The tot monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, indicates economic activity.

GDP per capita- Divides the total GDP by the country's population. Offers a measure of the avg economic output or income per person (provides way to estimate national standard of living)

Overpopulation

When an area’s population exceeds the capacity of the environment to support it at an acceptable standard of living.

How are humans distributed across Earth’s surface?

Nonuniformly

How do concentration and density relate to population distribution?

Population density measures the average number of people per unit of area, while population distribution describes the pattern of where people live within that area (number vs spread)

Census

A complete enumeration of a population. ((enumeration: mentioning things 1 by 1/numbering off) an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.)

The four major population clusers

East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia.

Ecumene

The portion of Earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

What are the 4 sparsely populated regions?

Cold lands, high lands, dry lands, and wet lands. ***

Population Density

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of objects in an area. Refers to the tot # of ppl divided by the tot land area. (Shows comparison btwn # of ppl living in different regions of the world)

Physiological Density

Number of ppl per area of a certain type of land in a region -provides more meaningful pop measure. Refers to number of ppl per unit area of arable land. (Shows the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of the people)

Arable land

Land suited for agriculture. E.g. not too dry or cold, temperate. Not too high up or moist, situated conveniently.

Agricultural Density

Relationship btwn pop and resources in a country (physiological and agricultural densities together!) The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arabe land. (Helps account for economic differences)

Developed countries have lower agricultural densities bc tech and finance allow less ppl to farm extensive land areas and feed many ppl.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The tot # of live births in a year for every 1,000 ppl alive in the society. Annual # of births per 1,000 pop.

Mirrors distribution of NIR. Highest CBRs in sub-Saharan Africa, lowest CBRs in Europe.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The tot # of deaths in a year for every 1,000 ppl alive in the society. Annual # of deaths per 1,000 pop.

Doesnt follow the same regional pattern as the NIR and CBR. Combined CDR for developing countries lower than combined rate for all developed countries. Variation btwn worlds highest and lowest CDRs much less extreme than variation in CBRs.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate (CBR-CDR)

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

A large percentage of the NIR is centered in….

Developing countries. 95% is clustered in developing countries. 66% in Asia, 20% in sub-Saharan Africa, 9% in Latin America..etc…

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average # of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49). To compute, you assume a woman reaching a particular age in the future will be just as likely to have a child as are women of that age today.

Measures the number of births in a society.

Mortality

The # of deaths in a population. Developed countries have better life expectancies-lower mortality rates. Developing countries have higher rates due to lack of equal resources and access to healthcare services.

Population Pyramids

A population pyramid is a graph that shows the age and sex distribution of a population (at specific time/place). Its shape offers a quick summary of key demographic trends, including birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy. 

Demographic Transition

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to  condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population

Demographic Transition Model

5 stages (5th is newest)

1: LOW GROWTH

2: HIGH GROWTH

3: MODERATE GROWTH

4: LOW GROWTH

Stage 1

LOW GROWTH:

Very high CBR

Very high CDR

Very low NIR

Both birth and death rates are high, resulting in slow, fluctuating population growth. 

Most of human history spent in this stage bc pre-industrial.

NO COUNTRY REMAINS in this stage now, except for remote islands untouched by modern settlement. e.g North Sentinel Island.,

Stage 2

HIGH GROWTH:

Still high CBR

Rapidly Declining CDR

Very high NIR

Birth rates remain high, but death rates fall rapidly due to improvements in public health. Causes significant increase in pop growth. 

Euro and America entered this phase after 1750 as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Did not diffuse to Africa, Asia, Latin America until 1950 (medical revolution). Poorest countries. e.g. Congo, Niger, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan.

The introduction of modern medicine, better sanitation, and increased food supply lowers mortality, especially infant mortality. 

Stage 3

MODERATE GROWTH:

Rapidly declining CBR

Moderately declining CDR

Moderate NIR

(CBR DROPS but still higher than CDR) Birth rates begin to fall, leading to a slower but still positive rate of population growth. 

People have fewer children. Social and economic changes-country industrializes and urbanizes. Incr contraception acccess, higher educ for women, inc fem in workforce, lower need for large families for labor or as a form of old-age security. 

e.g. Mexico, India, Colombia, South Africa, Brazil, and the United Arab Emirates.

Stage 4

LOW GROWTH:

Very low CBR

Low or slightly increasing CDR

0 or negative NIR

Both birth and death rates are low and roughly equal, resulting in a stable or very slow population growth rate. 

The same factors that led to a decrease in birth rates in Stage 3 continue to influence family size, such as economic development, women's empowerment, and the high cost of raising children. 

Most of the developed world, including the United States, Canada, and European countries in this stage. 

Stage 5

DECLINING GROWTH:

Very low CBR

Low CDR

Decling NIR

This is a potential stage not present in all models, where birth rates fall below death rates, resulting in a shrinking population. 

A combination of continued low birth rates and an aging population (where there are more elderly people) can lead to a natural decrease in population. 

Some countries such as Italy, Japan, entering this phase (old ppl surplus, no babies being born)

Zero Population Growth

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero (0).

ZPG may occur when CBR still slightly higher than CDR bc some fem die before reaching childbearing yrs and # of fem in childbearing yrs can vary.

Typcially seen in stage 4. (also 5)

What role did the Industrial Revolution have on the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Caused Europe and North America to enter Stage 2 in 1750 by improving living conditions, leading to declining death rates. Began in the UK in late 18th century (1700s) and diffused to the Euro continent and North America during 19th century (1800s)

Conjunction of major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market. Resulted in unprecedented level of weath, some of which used to better communities

Medical Revolution

Diffused stage 2 of Demographic Transition Model (DTM) to Africa, Asia, and Latin America around 1950.

DEF: A period of medical technology diffusion (mainly from Europe/North America) that reduced death rates in LDCs.

ROLE: Pushed developing countries into stage 2 by lowering CDR (better healthcare).

Medical tech invented in Europe and North America has diffused to developing countries and eliminated many traditional death causes.

Declining Birth Rates

A decrease in the number of births per 1,000 people, common in Stages 3 & 4. Now large ISSUE in stage 5.

Reasons birth rates are declining

Education, access to contraception, urbanization, women's rights, economic development. Career opportunities for women-reduced family size.

Malthus and his hypothesis on Overpopulation 

Population growth grows geometrically (exponentially) while food production increases only arithmetically (incr by constant amount at each interval, linear progression), leading to crisis.

Geometrically vs arthmetically

Population = exponential (2, 4, 8); Food = linear (1, 2, 3).

Critics of Malthus overpopulation theory

Underestimated tech; more food production; population growth can slow.

Malthus theory vs Reality

Food production increased faster than expected; population growth slowed in some places.

Possible Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model: Decline

Very low birth rates, aging population, population decline (e.g. Japan, Germany).

Two most populous countries in the world are…

India and China.

Pandemic

An epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population at the same time.

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of infant deaths annually(under age 1) per 1,000 live births in a society.

Life expectancy

The avg # of yrs an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the avg # of yrs a newborn infant can expect to live.

Migration

A form of relocation diffusion incolving a permanent move to a new location.

Emigration vs Immigration

Emigration = leaving a country; Immigration = entering a country.

Net Migration

Immigrants minus emigrants; positive = net in-migration, negative = net out-migration.

Most people migrate in search of three objectives – what are they?

Economic (#1), Political, Environmental

(Economic opportunity, political freedom, environmental conditions.)

Economic most common bc people move for work-employees get citizenship. Most ppl migrate are male, and are looking for jobs.

Ravenstein’s Laws (3 groups)

1. Most migrants move short distances.
2. Long-distance migrants head to major cities.
3. Most are young, single males.

ASK

Migration Transition – Stages of DTM and how they relate to migration

ASK Stage 2: High emigration; Stage 3/4: High immigration.

Ravenstein’s Laws for distance that migrants travel to their new homes (2 bullets)

• Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country.

• Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.

International Migration

Permanent move from one country to another.

• Voluntary migration

Chosen move, often for economic opportunity.

• Forced Migration

Involuntary move due to conflict, disaster, or persecution.

Internal Migration

Moving within the same country.

How does distance decay relate to internal migration?

The farther the destination, the less likely people are to move there.

Interregional migration vs Intraregional migration

Interregional = between regions (e.g. rural to urban); Intraregional = within one region (e.g. city to suburb).

3 largest global migration flows?

Latin America → North America
South Asia → Southwest Asia
Southeast Asia → Europe

Today, the principal type of interregional migration is from …..

Rural to urban (especially in developing countries).

Trail of Tears and forced migration

U.S. forcibly relocated Native Americans (East of Mississippi) westward.

How did Brazil encourage interregional migration?

Built a new capital, Brasília, to promote interior migration.

Percent of US population currently living in urban areas?

About 82%.

Why do most people move from rural to urban areas?

Jobs, education, better services.

Relationship between intraregional migration, developed countries (MDC’s), and suburbs

In MDCs, most intraregional migration is city → suburbs. Primary relationship is intraregional migration from central cities to suburbs, a process known as suburbanization

More ppl in developed countries in cities go to suburbs whearas more ppl (majority of Earth pop) in developing countrres move from rural to urban.

Why do people move to the suburbs?

More space, schools, perceived safety, lifestyle.

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas. Demographic process of population moving out of urban areas to suburban and rural areas

New migration trend in LDC’s or MDC’s

Counterurbanization is more common in MDCs.

Push factors – what are they and examples

Negative conditions: war, poverty, disasters.

Pull factors – what are they and examples

Positive conditions: jobs, safety, education.

3 major kinds of Push and Pull Factors

Economic, Environmental, Political.

Three groups of forced political migrants

Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), Asylum Seekers.

Refugees

People forced to flee due to conflict, persecution.

Internally displaced person (IDP)

Forced to flee home but stays within the same country.

Asylum seeker

Someone seeking refugee status in another country.

Largest number of refugees in 2010 were from ….

Afghanistan and Iraq.

Most people migrate for ….?

Economic reasons.

Difference between economic migrants and refugees coming into the US, Canada, or European countries

Economic migrants choose to move; refugees are forced.
Refugees often get more legal protection.

Guest Workers

Migrants allowed to work temporarily in another country. (can overstaygreen card which is main cause for undocumented immigrants (citizens))

Intervening Obstacles

Barriers to migration: legal, environmental, cultural (e.g., mountains, visa laws).

+No connections/ties, culture shocks, poor language skills

Quotas

Limits on the number of immigrants allowed.

+50% female and male allowed into us bc we typically don't like to break fams apart and women work in U.S.

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration of skilled workers. Countries with bigger economies poach innovative/smart workers via money.

Chain migration

Migration to a place where relatives/friends previously migrated.

Undocumented Immigrants

People who enter/stay in a country without legal permission.

Immigration concerns in the US

Border control, jobs, cultural integration, legal vs illegal entry.

Characteristics of Migrants

Distance Traveled, Gender, Family Status

• Distance traveled

Most travel short distances; long-distance migrants go to big cities.

• Gender

Historically male-dominated, but now more balanced or female in some regions. e.g. U.S.

• Family Status

Most are young adults; fewer elderly or children.