exam 1 micro bio 305

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins forming peptide bonds.

Peptide bonds

Link amino acids via dehydration synthesis.

Primary Structure

Linear polypeptide chain of amino acids.

Secondary Structure

Folding into helix or pleated sheet.

Tertiary Structure

Three-dimensional shape of a protein.

Quaternary Structure

Multiple polypeptides forming a functional protein.

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with membrane-bound organelles and nucleus.

Bacillus

Rod-shaped bacteria.

Coccus

Spherical-shaped bacteria.

Spiral bacteria

Includes vibrio, spirillum, and spirochete shapes.

Diplo-

Bacterial arrangement in pairs.

Staphylo-

Bacterial arrangement in clusters.

Strepto-

Bacterial arrangement in chains.

Tetrads

Bacterial arrangement in groups of four.

Sarcinae

Cubelike groups of eight bacteria.

Genus

First name in scientific nomenclature, capitalized.

Specific epithet

Second name in scientific nomenclature, lowercase.

Carl Woese

Proposed the 3 Domain System in microbiology.

what was Robert Hooke’s theory/what did he discover

Discovered all living things are made of "cells."

Louis Pasteur

Demonstrated microorganisms are present in air, providing further evidence against spontaneous generation.

Joseph Lister

Pioneered antiseptic techniques in surgery.

Robert Koch

Developed postulates for identifying disease-causing organisms.

Pentose

Sugar component in nucleic acids, either deoxyribose or ribose.

Flagella

Rotating appendages for bacterial "run" and "tumble" movement

Fimbriae

Hair-like structures for adhesion on bacteria.

Examples of Microbial Roles

sewage treatment, bioremediation, and insect control

Cell Membrane (structure)

-phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins- FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Integral Proteins

Proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins attached to the exterior or interior of membranes.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

Hydrophilic Head

Phosphate group and glycerol part of phospholipids.

Hydrophobic Tail

Fatty acid chains of phospholipids, repel water.

Selective Permeability

Cell Membrane quality which allows certain substances to pass through.

Simple Diffusion

Passive transport from high to low concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport using proteins for ions and larger molecules.

Osmosis

Water movement across membranes, high to low concentration. Use of aquaporins sometimes used.

Active Transport

Energy and Protein-requiring transport against concentration gradient.

Uniport

Transport of one molecule in one direction.

Antiport

Transport of two molecules in opposite directions.

Symport

Co-transport of two molecules, one via diffusion, one using energy.

Endospores

Highly resistant structures formed by Bacillus and Clostridium bacteria during stress for the purpose of protecting genetic material.

Sporulation

Process of endospore formation under stress.

Germination

Endospore returns to vegetative (active) state.

Nucleoid

Region containing bacterial chromosome and plasmids.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis, 70s in prokaryotes, 80s in eukaryotes.

Metabolism

Buildup and breakdown of nutrients in cells.

Catabolism

Energy-releasing (exergonic) breakdown of complex molecules.

Anabolism

Energy-consuming (endergonic) synthesis of complex molecules.

ATP Role

Intermediate energy carrier between catabolism and anabolism.

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibitor competes with substrate for enzyme's active site.

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Inhibitor binds elsewhere, affecting substrate binding.

Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity

Temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentrations.

Biological Components of an Enzyme

Active site, proteins, and cofactors.

Nucleus

Contains nucleoli, chromatin, and tightly coiled DNA.

Rough ER

Site of protein synthesis, ribosome-studded.

Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids and hormones, no ribosomes.

Golgi Complex

Modifies and transports proteins from the ER.

Mitochondria

ATP production site in eukaryotes, contains cristae and matrix.

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis, contains thylakoids.

Lysosomes

Digestive organelles for breaking down waste materials.

Vacuole

Stores water and waste, maintains turgor pressure in plants.

Glycolysis

Glucose breakdown process yielding ATP and pyruvate.

Oxidation-Reduction

Chemical reactions involving electron transfer.

Oxidation

Removal of electrons, increasing charge.

Reduction

Gain of electrons, decreasing charge.

Redox Reaction

Simultaneous oxidation-reduction electron exchange.

Photophosphorylation

Light energy converts ADP to ATP in chloroplasts.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electron transport chain generates ATP in mitochondria (eukaryotes) or cell membrane (prokaryotes).

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Direct transfer of high energy phosphate to ADP for ATP.

Chemiosmotic Mechanism

Proton gradient drives ATP generation via ATP synthase.

Krebs Cycle Products

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, CO2

Aerobic Respiration

Uses oxygen, generates 38 ATP from glucose.

Anaerobic Respiration

No oxygen used, generates less ATP than aerobic.

Fermentation

Produces lactic acid or alcohol/CO2 from pyruvic acid.

Phototroph

Organisms using light for energy.

Chemotroph

Organisms using redox reactions for energy.

Autotroph

Organisms using CO2 as carbon source.

Heterotroph

Organisms using organic carbon (glucose) for energy.

Lag Phase

Adaptation period with no growth increase (flat curve), heavy metabolic activity.

Log Phase

Exponential growth phase (positive curve) with abundant nutrients.

Stationary Phase

New microbes = dying microbes, stable (flat curve) population.

Death Phase

Exponential cell death (negative curve) due to nutrient depletion and waste buildup.

Bacterial Growth

Reproduction through binary fission.

Binary Fission

Cell division process resulting in two identical daughter cells.

Obligate Aerobes

Require oxygen for survival.

Obligate Anaerobes

Cannot tolerate oxygen.

Facultative Anaerobes

Prefer oxygen but can respire anaerobically.

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Tolerate oxygen but do not use it.

Microaerophiles

Require low oxygen concentration for growth.

Psychrophiles

Grow at 0 to 15°C.

Psychrotrophs

Grow at 0 to 30°C.

Mesophiles

Grow at 10 to 47°C.

Thermophiles

Grow at 40 to 70°C.

Hyperthermophiles

Grow at 65 to 110°C.

Selective Media

medium favoring the growth of one organism over another

Differential Media

this medium allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences (color) among those microbes

Enrichment Media

contain the nutrients required to support the growth of a wide variety of organisms

Direct Measurement

Counts individual cells and applies various methods to determine cell growth count.

Indirect Measurement

Estimates growth through turbidity, dry weight, or metabolic activity.