Alexander II 1855-81

How many serfs did Russia have?

51 million

What was Alexander II’s quote on serfdom?

“It’s better to abolish serfdom from above than wait for it to abolish itself from below”

What year was the emancipation of the serfs?

1861

Although privately owned serfs were emancipated in 1861 when did this apply to the state serfs?

1866

How many years were redemption payments for?

49 years

What percentage of peasants still remained temporarily obligated and to what year?

15% until 1881

Who was responsible for reorganising the armed forces?

Milyutin

When were the military reforms?

1874-75

What were three things that changed under the military reforms?

1) Conscription compulsory for all classes from 21 2) Length of service reduced from 25 to 21 3) Military colleges created to provide better training

What years were the local government reforms?

1864-70

When were the town councils set up and what were they called?

1870, Dumas

What was three things the local government reform act did?

1) established elected local councils called the zemstva 2) zemstva elected through ‘electoral college’ 3) zemstva had power over public services but not taxes

What percentage of nobles made up provincial assemblies?

74%

What year were judicial reforms introduced?

1864

What were three things established by the judicial reforms?

1) trial by jury 2) equality before the law established, innocent until proven guilty 3) courts open to the public

What were two issues with the judicial reforms?

1) Judges appointed by Tsar 2) In Poland and military courts trial by jury not established

What years were the education reforms?

1863-64

What were three things established by the education reforms?

1) control of schools handed from church to zemstva 2) schools open to all 3) universities could govern themselves

Between what years and by how much did the number of pupils change?

1856 - 400,000 1880 - over a million

What was 1 provision of the censorship reforms?

Foreign publications permitted with government approval

By how much did the number of books published grow?

10 times the amount in 1855 by 1894

In what year was there a failed assassination attempt on Alexander II?

1866

What is an example of a liberal minister being replaced by a more conservative one?

Tolstoy replaced Golovinin as minister for education

What were three reversals to the education reforms?

1) From 1971 only children from a gimnaziya school could attend uni 2) ‘critical thinking’ subjects forced out 3) control of schools handed back to church

When did Alexander II sign the Loris-Melekov constitution?

13th March 1881

What were two repressive polices over law and order?

1) ‘show trials’ created 2) 1879 opportunity to prosecute in military courts

What year was the polish rebellion?

1963

What did Alexander allow the fins to have and in what year?

1875 allowed their own parliament (diet)

What did Alexander II allow the Latvians?

Allowed to convert to Lutheranism in 1864

What did Alexander II stop the Ukrainians having?

1876 prohibited use of Ukrainian language in publications or performances

Where were the Jews living primarily?

Pale of Settlement

How many narodniks were there and in what year?

1874 - 2000

How many narodniks were arrested after their first attempt?

1600

When did the Narodniks have a second attempt?

1876

When was land and liberty set up?

1877

Which general did land and liberty assassinate and in what year?

1878 assassinated General Mezemtsev

What year did Land and Liberty split and into which groups?

1879 - black repartition and the people’s will

What were two successes of Von Reutern’s reforms?

1) annual average growth rate of 6% 2) iron works in Donetsk created in 1872

What were two failures of Von Reutern’s reforms?

1) 1/3 of all government expenditure went to repaying debts 2) 66% of government revenue came from indirect taxation