ap psych midterm

psychoanalysis

• unconscious conflicts

• early childhood experiences

• sex and aggression

• Freud

behaviorism

• observable responses

• learning

• environment

• rewards and punishments

• Watson & Skinner

humanism

• you are inherently good

• you have free will

• you should try and close the gap between your real and ideal selves

• you deserve unconditional positive regard

• Maslow & Rogers

• “Hippie”

cognitive

• thinking

• decision-making

• Ellis (think ellis grey & her alzehimers which is COGNITIVE)

biological (neuroscience)

BBG:

• brain

• body chemistry

• genetics

biopsychosocial

BPS:

• biology

• psychology

• society

psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

nature-nurture

the relative contributions of biology + experience

neuroscience perspective

how the body & brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences

evolutionary perspective

how the natural selection of traits promote the perpetuation of one’s genes

behavior genetics perspective

how much our genes and env. influence our individual differences

psychodynamic perspective

how behavior springs from unconscious drives/conflict

behavioral perspective

how we learn from observable responses

cognitive perspective

how we encode, process, store and retrieve info

social-cultural perspective

how behavior + thikning vary across situations and culture

industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists

use psychologists concepts and methods to help organizations and companies select and train more efficiently, to boost morale & to design products and to implement systems

clinical psychology

study, assess and treat troubled people

psychiatry

medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders

introspection

the process of examining ones own thoughts, feelings and mental processes

gestalt psychology

provided the foundation for the modern study of perception, emphasizing that the whole of anything’s greater than it’s parts

positive psychology

focuses on the factors that contribute to well-being & optimal functioning in people, groups, & institutions

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning on outcome that one should have forseen it

overconfidence

our tendency to be more confident in our decisions than we are correct in theme (more confident THAN CORRECT)

false consensus effect

the tendency to over estimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

hypothesis

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

operational definition

a statement of the procedure (operations) used to define research variables (ie: intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures)

replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different. participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances

case study

an observation technique in which one person is study in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

survey

a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes of behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, a random sample of them

wording effects

refers to the phenomenon where slight changes in the wording of a question or statements lead to the

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, acting

sigmund freud/psychoanalysis

theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

free association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how embarrassing

unconscious

a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; information processing of which we are unaware

ego

largely conscious 'executive' part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id in ways that bring pleasure not pain

superego

the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations

defense mechanism

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective ways of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

repression

locking away memories

regression

reverting back to an earlier stage in development

reaction formation

when you take unacceptable feelings and turn them into their opposite

projection

disguising your own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

rationalization

trying to make excuses for your behavior

displacement

when you take out your feelings on a weaker target

denial

rejecting reality

sublimation

transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives

projective test

test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

thematic apperception test (TAT)

test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Rorschach inkblot test

widely used test, set of 10 inkblots that seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations

Freud's ideas in light of modern research

many of his ideas and concepts are out of date and need to be compared to recent ideas and revised based on new research

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychologist that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people (we seek self-actualization)

self-actualization

the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved

Carl Rogers

humanistic psychologist who believed that environments can inhibit growth

unconditional positive regard

the attitude of total acceptance towards another person

evaluating humanistic perspective

humanistic ideas have continued to impact society

trait

characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

factor analysis

statistical procedure to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence

personality inventory

questionnaire designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to assess selected personality traits

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

most widely researched and clinically used of all tests, originally developed to identify emotional disorders; this test is now used for many other screening purposes

evaluating trait perspective

is our personality the same throughout different situations?

Albert Bandura

founder of the social cognitive perspective

social cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate

internal locus of control

the perception that one controls their fate

learned helplessness

the hopelessness or passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

evaluating social cognitive perspective

how situations affect and are affected by individuals

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

high self-efficacy

a strong belief in one’s own ability to successfully complete tasks and achieve goals

low self-efficacy

a lack of belief in one's ability to accomplish tasks and achieve goals

adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

potentially traumatic events that can occur before a child turns 18 years old

authoritarian

dictator; high control, low warmth; impose rules and expect obedience

permissive

high warmth, low control; more of a friend than a parent (example: Lorelai Gilmore)

authoritative

high warmth, high control; expect control not only by setting rules and enforcing them, but also by explaining the reasons, encouraging discussion and allowing exceptions while maintaining the rules

Erik Erikson

theorist that contended that each stage of life has its own 'psychosocial' task, a crisis that needs resolution

Erikson’s stages of social development

infancy: trust vs mistrust, toddlerhood: autonomy vs shame and doubt, preschooler: initiative vs guilt, elementary: industry vs inferiority, adolescence: identity vs role confusion, young adulthood: intimacy vs isolation, middle-aged: generativity vs stagnation, late adulthood: integrity vs despair.

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how we think about influence and relate to one another.

Attribution Theory

Attributing others' behavior to either internal dispositions or external situations.

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

A tendency for people to agree to a small action to later get them to comply with a larger one.

Cognitive dissonance theory

Theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

Asch’s Conformity Experiment

As a participant, you arrive at an experimental location and take a seat at a table where 5 people are already seated, you are asked to see which line out of two matches a standard one, the right answer is obvious, but everyone else around you says the wrong one, making you doubt if you are seeing it correctly.

Conformity

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Normative Social Influence

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Informational social influence

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Obedience

Being socially influenced by an authority figure who is giving clear-cut and direct orders.

Conditions that increase obedience

Legitimacy of authority, proximity of authority, gradual commitment, group cohesion.

Social Facilitation

Stronger performance in others' presence.

Deindividuation

Abandoning normal restraints to the power of the group.

Group Polarization

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group.

Groupthink

Mode of thinking that occurs when desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal for alternatives.

Social trap

Situation in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Self-Serving Bias

A readiness to perceive yourself favorably.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

When a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to come true.

Proximity

Geographic nearness.

Mere Exposure Effect

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to something increases liking of them.

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare for others.

Bystander Effect

The tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Social Exchange Theory

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to minimize cost and maximize benefit.

Prejudice

An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude towards a group and its members, it includes stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Stereotype

A generalized (sometimes accurate but overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.