Exercise Physiology Exam #1

Exercise Physiology

both a basic and applied science that describes, explains, and uses the body’s response to exercise and adaptation to exercise training to maximize human physical potential

Exercise

\n A single acute bout of bodily exertion or muscular activity that requires an expenditure of energy above resting level and that in most cases results in voluntary movement

Exercise Response

The physiological responses that occur during or immediately \n following an acute bout of exercise.

Exercise Modality (Mode)

The type of activity or sport

Maximal intensity

highest intensity, greatest load, or longest duration an individual is capable of doing

Submaximal

predetermined endpoint below maximum

Duration

Length of time the muscular action continues

Training

A consistent or chronic progression of exercise sessions designed to improve physiological function for better health or sport performance

Physical Fitness \n

A physiological state of well-being that provides the foundation \n for the tasks of daily living, a degree of protection against hypokinetic disease, and a basis for participation in sport

HRPF

That portion of physical fitness directed toward the prevention of, or rehabilitation from, disease as well as the development of a high level of functional capacity for the necessary and discretionary tasks of life, and the maintenance or enhancement of physiological functions in biological systems that are not involved in performance but are influenced by habitual activity

SSPF

That portion of physical fitness directed toward optimizing athletic performance

Dose-Response Relationship

a description of how a change in one variable is associated with a corresponding change in another variable.

Periodization

A plan for training based on a manipulation of the sport’s fitness components with the intent of peaking the athlete for the competitive season or varying health-related fitness training in cycles of harder or easier training.

Training Adaptations

Physiological changes or adjustments resulting from an exercise training program that promote optimal functioning

Detraining

partial or complete loss of training-induced adaptations as a result of a training reduction or cessation

Overreaching (OR)

a short-term decrement in performance capacity that is easily \n recovered from and generally lasts only a few days to 2 weeks

Overtraining syndrome (OTS)

state of chronic decrement in performance and ability to train, in which restoration may take several weeks, months, or even years

Selye’s Theory of Stress stages

Alarm reaction: shock and countershock, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

Metabolism

The total of all energy transformations that occur in the body

Anabolism

energy is used to build tissues and proteins

Catabolism

this is the process of fuel to energy- work

 The First Law of Thermodynamics

states that energy can either be created or destroyed but it simply changes form

ATP

stored chemical energy that links the energy-yielding and energy-requiring functions within in all cells

Energy-requiring reaction

ADP +P+ energy= ATP (process known as phosphorylation ADP +P)

Energy yielding reaction

ATP= ADP +P+ energy ( done through a process called hydrolysis)

Coupled reactions

energy requiring and energy releasing

Cellular Respiration

the process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP in a stepwise series of reactions, relies heavily upon the use of oxygen

What metabolic pathway does Anerobic respiration use?

Glycolysis

What metabolic pathway does aerobic respiration use?

glycolysis, beta oxidation, transamination, deamination, Krebs cycle, ETS/OP

Substrate conversion

substrate is fuel (glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids)

Enzyme

Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions

Rate limiting Enzymes

controls the rate and direction of energy production along a metabolic pathway

Glycogenisis

The formation of glycogen from glucose

Glycogenolysis

the breakdown of glycogen

Glycolysis

The energy pathway responsible for the initial catabolism of glucose in a 10- or 11-step process that begins with glucose or glycogen and ends with the production of pyruvate or lactate

Oxidation

a gain of oxygen, a loss of hydrogen or a direct loss of electrons by an atom or substance

Reduction

a loss of oxygen, a gain of electrons, or a gain of hydrogen by an atom or substance

NAD

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (to transport hydrogen and drop them to be oxidized)

FAD

Flavin Adenine dinucleotide

Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl Coenzyme A

Pyruvate- acetic acid + coenzyme A= Acetyl CoA

Krebs cycle starts with

Oxaloacetate

Where does the Krebs cycle take place

Mitochondrial matrix except for step 6

**Oxidative phosphorylation**

 NADH+H+ and FADH2 are oxidized in the ETS and the energy released is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi

What is a triglyceride?

glycerol + 3 Fatty acids

Beta Oxidation

 a cyclic series of steps that breaks off successive pairs of carbon atoms from FFA which are then used to form Acetyl CoA

Proteins

large molecules made up of varying combinations of amino acids

Transamination

transfer of NH2 from an amino acid to a ketoacid, forming a new amino acid and a keto acid

Deamination

removal of NH2 and formation of a keto acid ammonia (NH3)

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

phosphofructokinase

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)

Glycerol (FAT)

Glycerol-glucose cycle

Lactate/pyruvate (CHO)

Cori Cycle

Alanine (PRO

Felig cycle

Carbs, fats, protein pathways

glycolysis, beta-oxidation, trans/de amination

Alactic Anaerobic Energy Production

When ATP is hydrolyzed by the contractile \n units in muscle

How is lactate produced?

muscle cells when the NADH + H+ formed in glycolysis is oxidized to NAD+ by a transfer of the hydrogen ions to pyruvate, which in turn is reduced to.

\n Blood lactate levels at rest and during exercise depend on the balance between

Lactate production (appearance) and lactate removal (dissapearance/clearance)

how to measure anerobic metabolism

track changes in lactate or calculate the amount of work or power

What is the gold standard anaerobic test?

The Wingate

Other test examples for anerobic exercise

Margaria-Kalamen Stair Climb, vertical jump, sprints, shuttle runs

Oxygen Deficit

The difference between the oxygen required during exercise and the oxygen supplied and utilized. Occurs at the onset of all activity.

\n Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

Oxygen consumption during recovery that is above normal resting values

ATP-PC changes

Constant load supramaximal exercise

What is responsible for lactate changes?

Primarily dependent on intensity of exercise

Lactate Thresholds

Points on the linear-curvilinear continuum of lactate accumulation that appear to indicate sharp rises, often labeled as the first (LT1) and second (LT2) lactate threshold

\n Practical Application

the amount of work an athlete can do before accumulating large amounts of lactate has a definite bearing on performance.

Calorie

basic unit of heat

Calorimetry

the measurement of heat liberated or absorbed in metabolic processes

Spirometry

indirect calorimetry for estimating heat production, in which expired air is analyzed for the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide \n produced.

Open circuit spirometry

O2 consumption and CO2 production

Closed circuit spirometry

O2 consumption

Oxygen consumption (VO2)

The amount of oxygen taken up, transported, and used at the cellular level

Carbon dioxide production

The amount of carbon dioxide generated during metabolism

Steady-state exercise

Oxygen drift

when exercise exceeds steady state (above 70% VO2max, long durations, or hot humid environmental conditions), oxygen consumption.

Maximal oxygen consumption

highest amount of oxygen an individual can take in, transport and utilize to produce ATP aerobically while breathing air during heavy exercise

Lactate level true max

8mmol

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced divided by the amount of oxygen consumed at cellular level

RER

\n Ratio of the volume of CO2 produced divided by the volume of O2 consumed in the body as a whole

Caloric equivalent

The number of kilocalories produced per liter of oxygen consumed

MET

a unit that represents the MET in multiples of the resting rate of oxygen consumption of any given activity

Met calculation

O2 consumed/3.5

Mechanical Efficiency

the percentage of energy input that appears as useful external work

Gross Efficiency

simplest, whole body efficiency

Net Efficiency

Corrected for resting metabolic rate

Delta Efficiency

Most accurate; requires at least two workloads

Economy

\n The oxygen cost of any activity, but particularly walking or running at varying speeds.

Velocity at VO2max

the speed at which an individual can run when working at his or her maximal oxygen consumption, based on both submaximal running economy and VO2max

Specificity

Goal setting

Aerobic Base

development of at least a minimal level of cardiorespiratory fitness

Continuous Training

Individual selects a distance or a time to be active and continues uninterrupted to the end, typically at a steady pace

Fartlek workout

\n A type of training session named from the Swedish word meaning “speed play,” that combines the aerobic demands of a \n continuous run with the anaerobic demands of sporadic speed intervals.

interval training

An aerobic and/or anaerobic workout that consists of three elements

Monitoring lactate levels

Direct measurement of blood lactate levels during a workout.

Training Taper

\n A reduction in training prior to an important competitions that is \n intended to allow the athlete to recover from previous hard training, maintain physiological conditioning, and improve performance.

Carbohydrates

Increased muscle and liver glycogen, Slower rate of glycogen depletion, Less CHO in fuel mixture, Increased rate of glycogenolysis \n (sprint training)

protein fuel supply

\n Increased ability to utilize leucine, Increased capacity to form alanine

Fat supply

Increased mobilization of FFA from adipose, Increased plasma FFA during submax exercise, Increased fat storage adjacent to \n mitochondria within muscles, Increased ability to utilize fat at \n any given plasma concentration

Glycolytic enzymes

Increased glycogen phosphorylase activity, Increased PFK activity, Decreased LDH activity

Mitochondrial enzymes

Increased size and number of mitochondria, Increased activity of most of the enzymes of the Krebs cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation