Disordered Brain Exam 2 - CS PP Summaries

Summarize the findings for MDD: What is hyperreactive, what is hyporeactive, and to what reward stages?

Hyporeactivity of the VS for reward outcome, reward anticipation, positive emotions, and less symptom improvement.

Hyperreactivity of the VTA for reward learning

Summarize the findings for Bipolar Disorder for both during euthymic and manic phases: What is hyperreactive, what is hyporeactive, and to what reward stages?

For euthymic: Conflicting literature

For manic phase: Hypoactivation of the VS to small magnitude rewards. Lack of differentiation between high and no reward for the VTA (for reward anticipation) and for the VS (for reward outcome).

Summarize the findings for OCD: What is hyperreactive, what is hyporeactive, and to what tasks/reward phases? What about connectivity?

Hyper-reactivity of the OFC, vmPFC, and ACC when doing monitoring and amygdala to symptom provocation.

Hypo-reactivity of the VS, DS, OFC, vmPFC, and ACC for task switching

Hyperconnectivity for the vmPFC and dmPFC and VS and mPFC

Summarize the findings for OCD: What is hyperreactive, what is hyporeactive, and to what tasks/reward phases? What about connectivity?

Summarize the findings for ADHD: What is hyperreactive, what is hyporeactive, and to what tasks/reward phases?

Hyperreactivity for the VS for reward receiving as a genetic risk, DS for delayed reward and PFC for inhibition in teens.

Hypo reactivity of the VS for reward anticipation, DS for inhibition, and dACC for inhibition.

Summarize the findings for Anorexia Nervosa: What is hyperreactive, what is hyporeactive, and to what tasks/reward phases?

Hyperreactivity of the VS and insula when viewing idealized thin body shape, Amygdala when viewing distorted thick body shapes and food

Hyporeactivity of the Fusiform for perception of self, dACC when viewing idealized thin body shape, insula when viewing actual nutritive food, CS circuit for behavioral control, and VS for general reward anticipation

Summarize the findings for Bulimia Nervosa: What is hyperreactive, what is hyporeactive, and to what tasks/reward phases?

Hyperreactivity of the insula and dACC to idealized thin body image, and amygdala for thick body image.

Hyporeactivity of the VS to general reward anticipation, dACC, DS, vlPFC, dlPFC, and amygdala for behavioral control. DS, dlPFC, and amygdala for self-referential emotion processing.

Summarize the findings for SUD during positive reinforcement/reward and during withdrawal/negative reinforcement, and regulation stages. What is hyperreactive, hyporeactive?

For reward/positive reinforcement, there is hyperreactivity of the VS, VTA, CS circuit overal, amygdala, HPC, vmpFC, and VS to drug cues.

For withdrawal/negative reinforcement, there is hyperreactivity of the amygdala, vmPFC, and insula (found through lesions/stroke). Also hyporeactivity of the VS to other rewards.

Failure to regulate is caused by hyporeactivity of the dlPFC, vlPFC, and dACC. It normally is supposed to be active to cause the VS activity to decrease to reduce cravings.