Emergence of new kingdoms

EONK advanced set Good luck!

• Palas -

• Gurjara- Pratiharas -

• Rashtrakutas -

• Cholas-

• Palas - Eastern India 

• Gurjara- Pratiharas - Western India and upper Gangetic valleys 

• Rashtrakutas - Deccan 

• Cholas - South

Feudatory -

a person who holds land under the conditions of the feudal system.

RASHTRAKUTAS

• Deccan region 

• Feudatories of Chalukyas of Karnataka 

• Dantidurga overthrew Kirtivarman ( Chalukyas) in the Deccan 

Reached its zenith during the rule of Amoghavarsa

PRATIHARAS

• Gurjara-Pratiharas 

• Kingdom in Western India 

• Military skills and powers

• Defended Western India from Arab incursions - Nagabhatta I 

• Malwa, Rajputana and Gujarat

PALAS

• Founded by GOPALA in 750 CE

-Elected by nobles - end regional anarchy  

-Authority over Bengal 

-Buddhist - built a monastery in Odantapuri, BIHAR 

• DEVAPALA - Assam, Odisha and Nepal 

-Built Mahavihara - Near Bhagalpur
- Patronised Haribhadra, a Buddhist author

THE TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE

• Control over other areas - Wealth 

• KANAUJ - GANGES VALLEY 

• Between Palas, Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas  

• Kanauj - Symbol of sovereignty 

• Fertile region 

• Wealth and military prowess 

• Established temples to show power

By the end of the tripartite struggle, the Pratiharas emerged victoriously and established themselves as the rulers of central India.

 MAHMUD GHAZNI

• 1000 - 1027 CE 

• Objective - LOOT WEALTH 

• Annexed Punjab and established it as his eastern province 

• Raided - Temple cities 

• Thaneswar, Mathura, Kanauj, and Somnath 

• Splendid city at Ghazni 

• Raided the Somnath temple  near Gujarat’s coast 

AL - BIRUNI -

• Philosopher-scientist 

• Wrote Kitab-al-ind

• Accompanied Mahmud Ghazni 

• Learnt Sanskrit 

• Quoted Bhagavad Gita, Vishnu Puran

 MOHAMMED GHORI

• Objective - Conquering northern India and expanding his kingdoms 

• Fought against Chahamana Rajput, Prithviraj Chauhan - the last Hindu emperor of Delhi

• Mahoba, Bundelkhand, and Gujarat - under Prithviraj Chauhan’s control 

• Battle of Tarrains in 1191 and 1192 - Prithviraj Chauhan  was killed in the second battle 

Prithviraj Raso by Chand Bardai  - Military achievements 

WHY DID THE TURKS SUCCEED?

• INTERNAL CONFLICTS

• LACK OF UNIFIED COMMAND

• SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY OF TURKS

INTERNAL CONFLICTS

• Parmaras in Malwa

• Gahadavalas in Kanauj

• Chalukyas in Gujarat

• Chauhans in Ajmer

• Tomars in Delhi

• Chandellas in Bundelkhand

LACK OF UNIFIED COMMAND

• Feudal lords

• Each military contingent was under the command of the overchief

• Lacked unity of command

SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY OF TURKS

Horses in war:

Sustained the stamina of the cavalry by using horseshoes and iron stirrup

THE CHOLAS

• Tanjore - capital city 

• Tamil Nadu and parts of Karnataka 

• Resurfaced in 850 CE - Vijayalaya captured Tanjore 

• Expanded to Sri Lanka, Java and Sumatra

RAJA RAJA CHOLAN

• Defeated the Cheras and captured Madurai 

• Invaded Sri Lanka and annexed its northern part -> Mummadi Cholamandalam

• Defeated eastern Chalukyas 

• Constructed the Siva temple in Tanjore - Rajarajeswara temple

RAJENDRA CHOLAN

• Annexed Sri Lanka, Kerala and the territories of Pandyas 

• His army marched to River Ganga 

• Gangaikondacholapuram - Trichy 

• Naval fleet - across Bay of Bengal

CHOLA ADMINISTRATION

• KING AND THE MINISTERS 

• REVENUE

• IRRIGATION 

• ARMY 

• VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION 

• CHOLA TEMPLES

KING AND MINISTERS

• King - Head 

• Discharged responsibilities - Ministers and higher officers 

• TIRUVAKYA KELVI - Verbal orders of the King 

• Honoured by titles - PENUNDRAM and SIRUTARAM 

• Constructed roads - Trade, Commerce and communication 

REVENUE

• Land and cash 

• Possessed by individuals and communities 

• ⅓ - Tax 

• Periodical revisions and modifications

• Tolls, taxes on professions

• Failure to pay - sale of land

IRRIGATION

• Village assemblies - maintained tanks, reclaiming forests and wetlands 

• Built canals, tanks, dams and wells. 

• Near Gangaikondacholapuram - Artificial lake.

ARMY

• Elephants, cavalry and infantry. 

• Training and discipline of the cantonments( Military camps) 

• Kaikkolas - strong arms; Sengundar - Spear wielders 

• Nayaka senatipati, Mahadandanayaka 

PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION

• Nine provinces 

• Mandalams - divided into valanadus - Nadus - Urs

• Viceroys were appointed

ARMY

• Elephants, cavalry and infantry. 

• Training and discipline of the cantonments( Military camps) 

• Kaikkolas - strong arms; Sengundar - Spear wielders 

• Nayaka senatipati, Mahadandanayaka

VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION

• The primary unit of society 

• Autonomy and self-sufficiency

• Three types of assemblies - Ur, Sabha/Mahasabha and Nagaram 

• Ur - assembly of common villages  - land held by all classes 

• Sabha - Brahmin assemblies 

• Nagaram - Merchants

CHOLA TEMPLES

• Places of economic, political and cultural activities 

• Meetings in the mandapa 

• Centres of craft 

• Main feature - Vimana or the tower 

• 57 metres high - 13 storeys 

• Paintings and sculptures