Emergence of new kingdoms

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25 Terms

1
  • Palas -

  • Gurjara- Pratiharas -

  • Rashtrakutas -

  • Cholas-

  • Palas - Eastern India 

  • Gurjara- Pratiharas - Western India and upper Gangetic valleys 

  • Rashtrakutas - Deccan 

  • Cholas - South

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2

Feudatory -

a person who holds land under the conditions of the feudal system.

<p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34)">a person who holds land under the conditions of the feudal system.</span></p>
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3

RASHTRAKUTAS

  • Deccan region 

  • Feudatories of Chalukyas of Karnataka 

  • Dantidurga overthrew Kirtivarman ( Chalukyas) in the Deccan 

Reached its zenith during the rule of Amoghavarsa

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4

PRATIHARAS

  • Gurjara-Pratiharas 

  • Kingdom in Western India 

  • Military skills and powers

  • Defended Western India from Arab incursions - Nagabhatta I 

  • Malwa, Rajputana and Gujarat

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5

PALAS

  • Founded by GOPALA in 750 CE

-Elected by nobles - end regional anarchy  

-Authority over Bengal 

-Buddhist - built a monastery in Odantapuri, BIHAR 

  • DEVAPALA - Assam, Odisha and Nepal 

-Built Mahavihara - Near Bhagalpur
- Patronised Haribhadra, a Buddhist author

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6

THE TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE

  • Control over other areas - Wealth 

  • KANAUJ - GANGES VALLEY 

  • Between Palas, Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas  

  • Kanauj - Symbol of sovereignty 

  • Fertile region 

  • Wealth and military prowess 

  • Established temples to show power

By the end of the tripartite struggle, the Pratiharas emerged victoriously and established themselves as the rulers of central India.

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7

 MAHMUD GHAZNI

  • 1000 - 1027 CE 

  • Objective - LOOT WEALTH 

  • Annexed Punjab and established it as his eastern province 

  • Raided - Temple cities 

  • Thaneswar, Mathura, Kanauj, and Somnath 

  • Splendid city at Ghazni 

  • Raided the Somnath temple  near Gujarat’s coast 

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8

AL - BIRUNI -

  • Philosopher-scientist 

  • Wrote Kitab-al-ind

  • Accompanied Mahmud Ghazni 

  • Learnt Sanskrit 

  • Quoted Bhagavad Gita, Vishnu Puran

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9

 MOHAMMED GHORI

  • Objective - Conquering northern India and expanding his kingdoms 

  • Fought against Chahamana Rajput, Prithviraj Chauhan - the last Hindu emperor of Delhi

  • Mahoba, Bundelkhand, and Gujarat - under Prithviraj Chauhan’s control 

  • Battle of Tarrains in 1191 and 1192 - Prithviraj Chauhan  was killed in the second battle 

Prithviraj Raso by Chand Bardai  - Military achievements 

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10

WHY DID THE TURKS SUCCEED?

  • INTERNAL CONFLICTS

  • LACK OF UNIFIED COMMAND

  • SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY OF TURKS

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11

INTERNAL CONFLICTS

  • Parmaras in Malwa

  • Gahadavalas in Kanauj

  • Chalukyas in Gujarat

  • Chauhans in Ajmer

  • Tomars in Delhi

  • Chandellas in Bundelkhand

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12

LACK OF UNIFIED COMMAND

  • Feudal lords

  • Each military contingent was under the command of the overchief

  • Lacked unity of command

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SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY OF TURKS

Horses in war:

Sustained the stamina of the cavalry by using horseshoes and iron stirrup

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14

THE CHOLAS

  • Tanjore - capital city 

  • Tamil Nadu and parts of Karnataka 

  • Resurfaced in 850 CE - Vijayalaya captured Tanjore 

  • Expanded to Sri Lanka, Java and Sumatra

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15

RAJA RAJA CHOLAN

  • Defeated the Cheras and captured Madurai 

  • Invaded Sri Lanka and annexed its northern part -> Mummadi Cholamandalam

  • Defeated eastern Chalukyas 

  • Constructed the Siva temple in Tanjore - Rajarajeswara temple

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16

RAJENDRA CHOLAN

  • Annexed Sri Lanka, Kerala and the territories of Pandyas 

  • His army marched to River Ganga 

  • Gangaikondacholapuram - Trichy 

  • Naval fleet - across Bay of Bengal

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17

CHOLA ADMINISTRATION

  • KING AND THE MINISTERS 

  • REVENUE

  • IRRIGATION 

  • ARMY 

  • VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION 

  • CHOLA TEMPLES

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18

KING AND MINISTERS

  • King - Head 

  • Discharged responsibilities - Ministers and higher officers 

  • TIRUVAKYA KELVI - Verbal orders of the King 

  • Honoured by titles - PENUNDRAM and SIRUTARAM 

  • Constructed roads - Trade, Commerce and communication 

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19

REVENUE

  • Land and cash 

  • Possessed by individuals and communities 

  • ⅓ - Tax 

  • Periodical revisions and modifications

  • Tolls, taxes on professions

  • Failure to pay - sale of land

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20

IRRIGATION

  • Village assemblies - maintained tanks, reclaiming forests and wetlands 

  • Built canals, tanks, dams and wells. 

  • Near Gangaikondacholapuram - Artificial lake.

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21

ARMY

  • Elephants, cavalry and infantry. 

  • Training and discipline of the cantonments( Military camps) 

  • Kaikkolas - strong arms; Sengundar - Spear wielders 

  • Nayaka senatipati, Mahadandanayaka 

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22

PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION

  • Nine provinces 

  • Mandalams - divided into valanadus - Nadus - Urs

  • Viceroys were appointed

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23

ARMY

  • Elephants, cavalry and infantry. 

  • Training and discipline of the cantonments( Military camps) 

  • Kaikkolas - strong arms; Sengundar - Spear wielders 

  • Nayaka senatipati, Mahadandanayaka

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24

VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION

  • The primary unit of society 

  • Autonomy and self-sufficiency

  • Three types of assemblies - Ur, Sabha/Mahasabha and Nagaram 

  • Ur - assembly of common villages  - land held by all classes 

  • Sabha - Brahmin assemblies 

  • Nagaram - Merchants

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25

CHOLA TEMPLES

  • Places of economic, political and cultural activities 

  • Meetings in the mandapa 

  • Centres of craft 

  • Main feature - Vimana or the tower 

  • 57 metres high - 13 storeys 

  • Paintings and sculptures

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