Palas -
Gurjara- Pratiharas -
Rashtrakutas -
Cholas-
Palas - Eastern India
Gurjara- Pratiharas - Western India and upper Gangetic valleys
Rashtrakutas - Deccan
Cholas - South
Feudatory -
a person who holds land under the conditions of the feudal system.
RASHTRAKUTAS
Deccan region
Feudatories of Chalukyas of Karnataka
Dantidurga overthrew Kirtivarman ( Chalukyas) in the Deccan
Reached its zenith during the rule of Amoghavarsa
PRATIHARAS
Gurjara-Pratiharas
Kingdom in Western India
Military skills and powers
Defended Western India from Arab incursions - Nagabhatta I
Malwa, Rajputana and Gujarat
PALAS
Founded by GOPALA in 750 CE
-Elected by nobles - end regional anarchy
-Authority over Bengal
-Buddhist - built a monastery in Odantapuri, BIHAR
DEVAPALA - Assam, Odisha and Nepal
-Built Mahavihara - Near Bhagalpur
- Patronised Haribhadra, a Buddhist author
THE TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE
Control over other areas - Wealth
KANAUJ - GANGES VALLEY
Between Palas, Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas
Kanauj - Symbol of sovereignty
Fertile region
Wealth and military prowess
Established temples to show power
By the end of the tripartite struggle, the Pratiharas emerged victoriously and established themselves as the rulers of central India.
MAHMUD GHAZNI
1000 - 1027 CE
Objective - LOOT WEALTH
Annexed Punjab and established it as his eastern province
Raided - Temple cities
Thaneswar, Mathura, Kanauj, and Somnath
Splendid city at Ghazni
Raided the Somnath temple near Gujarat’s coast
AL - BIRUNI -
Philosopher-scientist
Wrote Kitab-al-ind
Accompanied Mahmud Ghazni
Learnt Sanskrit
Quoted Bhagavad Gita, Vishnu Puran
MOHAMMED GHORI
Objective - Conquering northern India and expanding his kingdoms
Fought against Chahamana Rajput, Prithviraj Chauhan - the last Hindu emperor of Delhi
Mahoba, Bundelkhand, and Gujarat - under Prithviraj Chauhan’s control
Battle of Tarrains in 1191 and 1192 - Prithviraj Chauhan was killed in the second battle
Prithviraj Raso by Chand Bardai - Military achievements
WHY DID THE TURKS SUCCEED?
INTERNAL CONFLICTS
LACK OF UNIFIED COMMAND
SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY OF TURKS
INTERNAL CONFLICTS
Parmaras in Malwa
Gahadavalas in Kanauj
Chalukyas in Gujarat
Chauhans in Ajmer
Tomars in Delhi
Chandellas in Bundelkhand
LACK OF UNIFIED COMMAND
Feudal lords
Each military contingent was under the command of the overchief
Lacked unity of command
SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY OF TURKS
Horses in war:
Sustained the stamina of the cavalry by using horseshoes and iron stirrup
THE CHOLAS
Tanjore - capital city
Tamil Nadu and parts of Karnataka
Resurfaced in 850 CE - Vijayalaya captured Tanjore
Expanded to Sri Lanka, Java and Sumatra
RAJA RAJA CHOLAN
Defeated the Cheras and captured Madurai
Invaded Sri Lanka and annexed its northern part -> Mummadi Cholamandalam
Defeated eastern Chalukyas
Constructed the Siva temple in Tanjore - Rajarajeswara temple
RAJENDRA CHOLAN
Annexed Sri Lanka, Kerala and the territories of Pandyas
His army marched to River Ganga
Gangaikondacholapuram - Trichy
Naval fleet - across Bay of Bengal
CHOLA ADMINISTRATION
KING AND THE MINISTERS
REVENUE
IRRIGATION
ARMY
VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION
CHOLA TEMPLES
KING AND MINISTERS
King - Head
Discharged responsibilities - Ministers and higher officers
TIRUVAKYA KELVI - Verbal orders of the King
Honoured by titles - PENUNDRAM and SIRUTARAM
Constructed roads - Trade, Commerce and communication
REVENUE
Land and cash
Possessed by individuals and communities
⅓ - Tax
Periodical revisions and modifications
Tolls, taxes on professions
Failure to pay - sale of land
IRRIGATION
Village assemblies - maintained tanks, reclaiming forests and wetlands
Built canals, tanks, dams and wells.
Near Gangaikondacholapuram - Artificial lake.
ARMY
Elephants, cavalry and infantry.
Training and discipline of the cantonments( Military camps)
Kaikkolas - strong arms; Sengundar - Spear wielders
Nayaka senatipati, Mahadandanayaka
PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION
Nine provinces
Mandalams - divided into valanadus - Nadus - Urs
Viceroys were appointed
ARMY
Elephants, cavalry and infantry.
Training and discipline of the cantonments( Military camps)
Kaikkolas - strong arms; Sengundar - Spear wielders
Nayaka senatipati, Mahadandanayaka
VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION
The primary unit of society
Autonomy and self-sufficiency
Three types of assemblies - Ur, Sabha/Mahasabha and Nagaram
Ur - assembly of common villages - land held by all classes
Sabha - Brahmin assemblies
Nagaram - Merchants
CHOLA TEMPLES
Places of economic, political and cultural activities
Meetings in the mandapa
Centres of craft
Main feature - Vimana or the tower
57 metres high - 13 storeys
Paintings and sculptures