Chapter 20 APUSH American Pageant

What did many expect of the War?

Short end to the war, Union sent ill prepared force to Bull Run

Could capture Richmond and restore Union, overconfident but Stonewall Jackson stood still as reinforcements caused Union retreat

Effect of Bull Run

Rose South morale, enlistment decreased and deserting increased

Union were locking in

George McClellan

Commander of Potomac (Smart West pointer)

Idolized but perfectionist and never tried to risk his men (Lincoln said he was slow)

McClellan’s Moves

Drilled army without moving further, Lincoln ordered to advance

Waterborne approach, took Yorktown after 1 month but Lincoln diverted reinforcements to chase Stonewall Jackson

What was the Confederacy’s plan in the Peninsula Campaign?

Stuart’s South cavalry rode around McClellan army in front of Richmond

Lee launched counterattack to drive back McClellan, costly failure but Union had less casualties

What was Lee’s accomplishments?

Triumph, if McClellan won then Union would bring back slavery

Lee guaranteed slavery destroyed, Lincoln angry and drafted emancipation proclamation

What was the new Union strategy?

Total war, six components

Suffocate south by blocking coasts, liberate slaves, control Mississippi River and cut Confederacy, chop Confederacy via troops in Georgia and Carolina, decapitate at Richmond, engage enemy strength until submission

How did Lincoln succeed in the West?

East was cramped but defenders in the West were broad

Grant was a key general (mediocre and drunkard), worked in Mexican War and reached colonelcy

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

Union gunboats in rivers, unconditional surrender requested

Opened Tennessee and to Dixie, Grant attempted to reach railroad at Corinth Mississippi but challenged at Shiloh

What occurred at the confrontation of Shiloh?

Confederate force foiled the plans, Union gunboats counterattacked

Grant was supported by Lincoln, gifted him alcohol

What was the new dynamic in Missouri?

Non seceding slave state, guerilla warfare between pro-South and pro-North

John C Fremont declared marital law in this state, causing Lincoln to be angry (no Negro dragging) and sacked him

Native Americans in the war

White settlers flooded into Indian lands, triggering bloodshed (Union force killed Arapaho and Cheyenne)

Confederacy reached out to tribes to attack Missouri, Union (Curtis) killed the force and won Missouri + Arkansas (planning with Farragut to take Louisiana)

Union Blockade

Started slow but eventually fully enforced on key ports

Defied by other powers but Britain avoided to avoid war

Blockade running

Scarcity of products drew prices in the South high, steamers from Scotland and important port in Bahamas to assist Confederacy

Deceptive tactics from fraud papers and reappear with cargoes, high risks high profits (ports eventually fell)

How was the Blockade enforced

Seized British freighters with war supplies, “destined for Confederacy”

Interpretation offensive, Confederates made a wooden ship (Merrimack) and destroyed two ships of the Union navy and the blockade

Who came to stop the Merrimack

The Monitor (ironclad) arrived and fought Merrimack to a standstill, heralded doom of wooden warships

Second Battle of Bull Run

Lee moved North encountering John Pope, Pope record broken under defeat

Lee headed to Maryland to cause foreign intervention but Marylanders fought

Battle of Antietam

McClellan was back and hailed, secretly found Lee’s battle plans and halted him

Draw, McClellan was removed for not chasing down Lee

What was the effect of the Battle of Antietam?

Decisive, Davis was never so near victory as this day and British + France were dissuaded from the war

Emancipation Proclamation sent (Phillips desire), Antietam served as a springboard to justify the issuing (moral crusade)

Emancipation Proclamation

Slaves in Confederate areas were free (border and captured unaffected), dull but this was “an act of justice”

Lincoln kept Border States to prevent disunion, DIY liberation where slaves flocked to Union camps

What was the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation?

Confederate slaves freed and moral cause lifted

Foreshadowing 13th Amendment, ending slavery but breaking the chance of a negotiation

Reactions to Proclamation

Varied, some happy but some disappointed (not far enough)

Opposition against abolitionist wars, desertions increased and elections went against administration (Working classes prevented European intervention, moral cause)

What did Lincoln do with free slaves

Blacks were enlisted in the armed forces, (blacks in Navy but banned initially)

Enlistees accepted from free soil North, hearts against slavery in the War and proved for citizenship

Effects of Black Armymen

Medals given, casualties heavy due to disease or vengeful masters (South considered them prisoners and massacred them after surrender)

Confederacy did not enlist slaves until end, forced into labor roles

What did slaves do for Confederates?

White guards had to watch these rebels, often resisted with strikes

Assertiveness increased when Unions were near, many who remained became free on factories/farms after

Battle of Fredericksburg

Burnside took over and blundered massively to Lee

Switched to Joseph Hooker at Chancellorsville, VA, Lee divided force and sent Stonewall Jackson to daze Hooker

What happened to Stonewall Jackson?

Jackson was shot in the dusk, Lee disappointed

Lee tried for Pennsylvania for more foreign intervention, Meade replaced Hooker

Battle of Gettysburg

Meade stood and locked against Lee, Pickett’s charge broke Confederacy and caused loss (So close to win)

Confederate peace was trying to be arranged, Lincoln refused after he won (south cause was doomed)

How was Gettysburg a symbol of a new era?

Growing North confidence but soldiers were killed easily due to new weapons (carbine rifle, grenade, and gatling gun, many were lost)

Gettysburg address sent by Lincoln for 2 minutes, relatively no attention at the time

Vicksburg

Gunboats ruled Mississippi, important South forts in Vicksburg and Port Hudson

Grant had skill, sieged the city and garrison and even Port Hudson, severing the Confederacy

What happened to Grant after his win?

Transferred to Tennessee, Confederates drove Union from Chickamauga to Chattanooga

Grant won engagements to liberate Chattanooga, Grant became general in chief

Georgia Conquest

Led by William Sherman, captured Atlanta and lived in the country

Sherman’s march occurred, 60 mile destruction tearing up railroads and property, destroying supplies and morale

What was the effect of Sherman’s march?

Increased desertion and shortened struggle, veered into SC and continued to destroy (hell of secession)

What was the political situation before 1864?

Factions in his party due to the abolitionist commitment, Salmon Chase (treasury) had doubts

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War formed, radical Republicans who resented Lincoln’s increased power

Northern Democrats

Less talent due to south gone, association with seceders and Douglas dead

Divided, War Democrats vs peace Democrats and Copperheads were against war and draft, denounced Lincoln (West)

Clement Vallandigham

Stirred up trouble, war was “wicked and cruel”

Should’ve been tried for sedition, sentenced to prison in 1863