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The Process of Life Beginning in Water
first cells and their membranes formed around small volumes of water
chemical reactions happen between water dissolved substances
liquid water allows molecules to interact
condensation reaction
water formed as one of the products when two molecules join together
hydrolysis reaction
water reacts with chemical to break into smaller molecules
metabolism
chemical reactions occuring in cells
metabolites
chemicals involved in metabolism are
water is a metabolite
either as reactant or product
metabolic reactions in cells are catalyzed by enzymes →
which can be impacted by temperature
what buffers temperature and why?
water due to high specific heat capacity
Examples of Water maintaining biological structures
water contributes to the formation of cell membranes
water impacts the folding of proteins
water surrounds DNA to support the double-helix
the atom is the
smallest unit of matter.
atoms are composed of
protons(+), neutrons(no net charge), electrons(-)
atoms are electrically neutral if they have
equal protons and electrons.
ion
atom with charge
atoms form bonds through
electrons transferring to other atoms or being shared
chemical bond →
attraction between atoms, ions, molecules forming chemical compounds
types of bonds
polar or nonpolar covalent, ionic, hydrogen
covalent bonds hold two atoms together by
sharing two or more electrons
non polar covalent
equal sharing of electrons
polar covalent
unequal sharing of electrons
ionic bond
attraction between cation(+) and anion(-). electron donated to nonmetal atom
hydrogen bonds
attractions between two polar molecules
polar molecule
one end is slightly positive and one end is slightly negative
water molecules have
2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen bonds
electrons shared through polar covalent bonds between atoms
oxygen atom has more protons so attracts the shared electron more
multiple water molecules
partial positives on the hydrogen bonds of one water molecule are attracted to partially negative oxygen atom of DIFFERENT water molecule → forms a hydrogen bond
water can have up to
4 H bonds