WHII: Study Guide Age of Absolutism Part One

When did the Scientific Revolution occur?

1500s-1800s AD

What two things raised new questions about nature and society during the Scientific Revolution?

New Lands and New Cultures

What did Caroline Hershel discover?

Catalogued over 2000 celestial objects and discovered several comets and Nebulas

What was perfected during the Scientific Revolution?

Scientific Method

The Scientific Method combines which two components?

Reasoned observation and Experimentation

Who developed the heliocentric theory?

Nicolaus Copernicus

What is at the center of the universe according to the heliocentric theory?

The Sun

What did the heliocentric theory replace?

The geocentric theory

What was the center of the universe in the geocentric theory?

The Earth

Who discovered planetary motion?

Johannes Kepler

What shape does the orbit of a planet take?

An ellipse

Who used the telescope to support the heliocentric theory?

Galileo Galilei

What religious group called Galileo to trial?

Catholicism

What religious text did Galileo's teachings seem to contradict?

The Bible

Who formulated the law of gravity and Calculus?

Isaac Newton

Who discovered the circulation of blood?

William Harvey

What two substances does blood transmit to the body's cells?

Nutrition and Oxygen

What method did Harvey use to understand blood circulation?

Scientific Method

What two things does the Scientific Revolution emphasize?

Reason and Systematic observation

What tool was created to understand the world during the Scientific Revolution?

Scientific Method

What investigation was promoted during the Scientific Revolution?

Scientific Investigation

What claim did English Monarchs in the early 1600s make over Parliament?

Divine Right of Kings

Who opposed the concept of royal supremacy?

Parliament

Who succeeded Queen Elizabeth on the throne?

James I

What did Charles I believe in?

Puritan

What group would not support Charles I?

Parliament

What did Parliament want from Charles I for raising taxes?

Guaranteed rights

What did Charles I attempt to do to members of Parliament that caused the Civil War?

Arrest them

What did the Puritans want to do to the Anglican Church?

Purify it of Catholic influences.

Who supported the king during the English Civil War?

Cavaliers

Who supported Parliament during the English Civil War?

Roundheads

Who led the Roundheads and Parliament?

Oliver Cromwell

What government did Cromwell declare after abolishing the monarchy?

A Commonwealth

Who was beheaded by Parliament?

Charles I

What title did the government adopt under Cromwell?

Protectorate

Who restored the monarchy after Cromwell's death?

Charles II

What was the name of the period when the English Monarchy was restored?

Glorious Revolution

What document did William and Mary sign to take the throne?

English Bill of Rights

Who was supreme in England after the English Bill of Rights?

Parliament

What is the central principle of an Absolute Monarchy?

The Monarch holds all the power.

What justifications are given for Absolute Monarchies?

Divine Right of Kings and Thomas Hobbes' philosophy.

Who gave the ruler authority in the Divine Right of Kings?

God

Who believed in the necessity of a strong absolute king?

Thomas Hobbes

What country was ruled by the Bourbon King?

France

What was the nickname of Louis XIV?

The Sun King

What famous building did Louis XIV construct?

Palace of Versailles

What edict did Louis XIV revoke?

Edict of Nantes

What was the effect of Louis XIV's goals on the peasants?

They became poorer and taxes increased.

Who recognized the need for Russia to adopt Western ways?

Peter the Great

What did Peter the Great build as a new capital?

St. Petersburg

Who continued the westernization efforts in Russia?

Catherine the Great

What was a significant outcome of Charles V's rule?

His empire was divided after he abdicated.

What did the Habsburg lands' diversity lead to?

Nationalism and subsequent rebellions.

What did Charles V attempt to protect his empire against?

Muslims, Protestants, and the French.