FSC 301 Study Guide for Quiz 2 and Exam 2

The scientific name for the Takayma crystals are called

pyridine ferroprotoporphyrin

The four ingredients of Takayama reagent

water, pyrdine, saturated glucose, and 10% NaOH

The two characteristics of the Takayama crystals

1. feather shaped

2. pink

Sensitivity of the Takayama crystal test

not very sensitive, good up to 1:20 dilution

The five different tests that can be used for species identification

1. identification of RBC morphology

2. precipitin ring test

3. immuno-diffusion

   1. single

   2. double

4. immunoelectrophoresis

5. ABA card Hematrace

A species test identifies what?

In forensic science, a species test is used to determine the species origin of biological material, such as blood, tissue, hair, or other bodily fluids.

The measurement of RBCs as precisely as possible in smears made from fresh blood as well as in reconstituted stains is called

micrometry

RBCs of mammals are __________ and non mammals are _____________.

mammals: enucleated

non-mammals: nucleated

Human and Duck blood can be differentiated by the presence of absence of ______ in the red blood corpuscles

a nucleus

T/F: Micrometry is a process by which the white blood cell sizes and shapes are measured as precisely as possible in smears made from fresh blood as well as in reconstituted stains for species identification.

False

What is an antiserum?

Antiserum is a blood serum that contains antibodies against specific antigens.

T/F: Antibodies are proteins.

True

The precipitin ring test is based on the reaction between _______ and __________.

antigen; antibody

These two people described the double immunodiffusion technique.

Elek and Orjan Ouchterlony

In single immuno diffusion, the material that diffuses is _______.

the antigen

In double immuno diffusion that materials that diffuse are ______ and _______.

antigen; antibody

The material that is impregnanted in the agarose medium in single immuno diffusion is

antiserum

The formation of precipitin band formation in precipitin ring test indicates a ______ reaction. (positive, negative, false positive, false negative)

positive

Orjan Ouchterlony’s name is widely associated with

described the agar gel method

Ouchterlony described the agar gel immunodiffusion in this book called

Handbook of Immunodiffusion and Immunoelectrophoresis

In Ouchterlony double immuno diffusion test, it is called “double” diffusion because

two things are being diffused

The different types of immuno diffusion patterns (identity, non identity and partial identity)

In the Ouchterlony plate, the identity of two proteins are indicated by

the formation of a fusion band between the proteins and the antibodies placed in the gel

T/F: In Ouchterlony double immuno diffusion test, the non identical proteins are indicated by a spur formation.

False

In Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion test, the spur formation indicates ______ identity.

Partial

T/F: In Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion test, it is possible to see two or more band formation between the antigen well and the antibody well.

True

The two other animals/species (besides human) that react with the ABAcard hematrace test device are _______ and _______.

ferrets and primates

The higher concentration of hemoglobin in a sample causes a weak reaction in the ABAcard hematrace test device and this effect is called

High Dose Hook Effect

The precipitin ring test, immunodiffusion test and the ABA card test devices are based on the reactions of _____ and ______.

antigen; antibody

The name of the antigen detected in the ABA card one step kit for the detection of human blood is

human hemoglobin

The principle involved in the ABA card one step test kit

antigen-antibody reaction

There are ______ (#) different types of antibodies present in the aba card test kit.

3

The names of antibodies present in the ABA card one step test kit for human blood.

mobile and immobilized

What is high dose hook effect? What happens during this process? How to correct this problem in the species identification test?

The high-dose hook effect can lead to false-negative results in species identification tests due to excessively high concentrations of antigen. The primary solution to this problem is diluting the sample before retesting to ensure proper antigen-antibody interaction.

The company that manufacturees the Aba card one step test kit is

Abacus Diagnostics, Inc

Antibody raised against human Hemoglobin will react with

Antibodies raised against human hemoglobin will specifically react with human hemoglobin molecules.

T/F: The antibodies raised agianst deer heart muscle will react with human heart muscle

False

The negative test result in the ABA card is indicated by the absence of colored band in this area (control area; test area; sample area; test and control area)

negative test result is indicated by the absence of a colored band in the test area.

The absence of colored band in the control area in the control area in the aba card indicates: a. human blood; b. non human blood; c. invalid test result.

c. invalid test result

The reaction of Ferret blood with the ABA card test device is considered _______ (false positive or false negative results)

false positive

The reaction of ferret blood with aba card test device is due to:

a. ferret has no amino acid sequence homology with human hemoglobin

b. ferret has some common aminoacid sequence homology with human hemoglobin

c. accidental cross reaction

d. false negative reaction

b. ferret has some common aminoacid sequence homology with human hemoglobin

T/F: The aba card is sensitive enough to give a positive reaction with cattle blood

True

The antibodies present in the control region of the abacard hematrace test kit is

Immobilized immunoglobulin antibody

T/F: Each RBC contains two antigens.

False

Antigens are proteins, that stimulate the body to produce ______ against it.

antibodies

There are ____ (#) reactive sites in each antibody.

2

There are _________(#) heavy chains and _______(#) light chains present in an antibody

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

The heavy chains and light chains are held together by _________ bonds.

disulfide bonds

T/F: The amino acid sequence of the variable portion of an antibody will differ among different antibodies

True

Structure of an antibody and the parts.

2 heavy chains

2 light chains

Variable regions

Constant regions

Disulfide bonds

T/F: Immunoelectrophoresis involves movement of antigens and antibodies in an electrical field.

True

T/F: Different proteins (antigens) can be separated and identified in immunoelectrophoresis.

True

The pattern that will be seen on the Ouchterlony test plate with the following antigen-antibdoy configuration:

The pattern that will be seen on the Ouchterlony test plate with the following antigen-antibody configuration:

The diagram of the components and end products of the ABA card for human blood
detection is given below. Name the five different components shown below.