week 11 lipid metabolism

KS

ketoacytl synthase

KR

ketoacyl reductase

DH

3-hydroacyl dehydratase

ER 

enoyl reductase 

acetyl-CoA carboxylase I

malonyl-CoA is formed using biotin and ATP to fix HCO3- to acetyl-CoA

3 carbon unit

malonyl CoA is formed using biotic and ATP to fix HCO3- to acetyl CoA, generating a ____ unit used to extend the fatty acid chain

transcyclase 

an acetyl CoA is transferred to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) then transferred to KS. malonyl CoA is transferred to ACP 

ketoacyl synthetase

catalyzes a condensation between acetyl CoA/FA chain and the malonyl group, releasing CO2 in the process

hydroacyl dehydratase

catalyzes the dehydration of water between carbons 2 and 3, forming new C to C double bond

enoyl reductase 

NADPH is used to reduce carbon-carbon double bond formed in the previous steo to single bond. acetyl CoA been added to a growing chain 

double bond up to C8 or 9

max placement of fatty acid that could be synthesized

condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction

steps of fatty acid synthesis cycle

hydroxyl group 

reduction results in a 

alkene group

dehydration results in a

N +2 fatty acid chain

last reduction results in

two carbonyls bound to ACP

condensation results in a new, longer…….

HMG-CoA reductase

catalyzes creation of mevalonate from HMG-CoA, uses two NADPH, primary enzyme for regulating cholesterol

transcription, translation, proteolytic degredation, phosphorylation

methods of regulating HMG-CoA reductase

lipases

breaks down fatty acids located in VLDLS to move farty acids into cells

decreases 

TAG content of these carriers _____ which will shift its compositions to resemble LDL

receptor

LDL will find a ____ on cell surface

endocytosis

receptor uses ____ to bring LDL in cell

hydrolyzed 

LDL is ____ in lyzosome to release cholesterol 

cytosol

fatty acids are syntehzied in _____, requires mitochondria

citrate

cytosol transfer of acetyl CoA via ______

acetyl CoA 

made in mitochondria, converted to citrate to get out of mitochondria

in cytosol 

_____, citrate is converted back to Acetyl CoA

ACC

converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA

malonyl CoA

committed step

NADPH

used for fatty acid synthesis, redox reactions

palmitate

16 carbon molecule, formed at end of fatty acid synthsis

condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction

repeated steps of fatty acid synthesis

acetyl CoA carboxylase

ACC, makes malonyl CoA

citrate and insulin

increase fatty acid synthesis through ACC

AMPK, glucagon, epinephrine

decrease fatty acid synthesis through ACC

inhibits fatty acid entry

malonyl coA ______ into mitochondria, prevents synthesis and degradation from happening at same time

phosphatidic acid

leads to both TAG and phospholipid, made from G3P and fatty-CoA

HMG CoA reductase 

regulation of cholesterol, stops with increase cholesterol 

transcriptional, proteolytic degradation, translation

inhibits of HGM CoA reductase for cholesterol