Linguistics Midterm

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46 Terms

1

Generality

All languages have grammar

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2

Parity

All grammars are equal

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3

Mutability

Grammar changes over time

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4

Prescriptive Rules of Grammar

Don’t end a sentence with preposition

Don’t split infinitives

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5

Descriptive Grammar

Describes language behaviors (what people do say)

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6

Free Morpheme

Un-happy (happy is free)

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7

Bound morpheme

Un-happy (un is bound)

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8

Stem

The main word

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9

Reduplication

Replication of sound

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10

Derivational Morphology

Creating new words by changing the meaning or category of existing words

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11

Inflectional Morphology

Don’t change the basic category or meaning of the element they combine with

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12

Analytic Typology

Most words are simple; each grammatical element is shown as a distinct word (Chinese, Vietnamese, etc.)

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13

Synthetic Typology

Allow complex word forms (3 types: Agglutinative, Fusional, Polysynthetic)

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14

Grammatical categories

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions

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15

Functional categories 

Tense, person, number, case, aspect, voice

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16

Active articulators

Do all or most of the moving during a speech gesture; usually the lower lip or tongue

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17

Passive components

Makes little or no movement; connected to the skull

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18

Consonants

Produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lung

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19

Vowels

Are produced without such restriction

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20

Bilabials

Bring both lips together

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21

Labiodentals

Touch bottom lip to the upper teeth

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22

Interdentals

Insert tip of tongue between upper and lower teeth

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23

Alveolars

Raise tongue to the alveolar ridge 

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24

Palatals

Raise the front part of the tongue to the palate (Y sound) (mission, measure, cheap, judge, yoyo)

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25

Velars

Raise the back of the tongue to the soft palate (velum) (back, bag, bang)

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26

Glottals

Let the air flow through the open glottis and past the tongue and lips (Ha)

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27

Stop/Plosive: P, B, M, T, D, N, K, G, N

  • The airstream is completely blocked in the oral cavity for a short period

  • They are difficult to pronounce without a vowel

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28

Fricative: F, V, S, Z, Sh, 

  • The airflow is so obstructed it causes friction

  • Easily pronounced without vowel

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29

Affricates: CHa, Ja

These sounds are produced by a total closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative

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30

Sonorants: L, R, J, W

There is some obstruction in the airstream, not enough to cause real friction

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31

Voicing

When throat vibrates

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32

Nasality

If plug nose, you can’t pronounce

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33

Rime/Rhyme

Combination of nucleus and coda

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34

Onset

Before nucleus

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35

Coda

After nucleus

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36

Minimal Pairs

Two different words that differ in one sound in the same position

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37

Merger

Start pronouncing vowels the same “a” and “o” in caught and cot

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38

Allophones

Different realizations of a phoneme (tick, stick)

  • Not contrastive, do NOT change word meanings

  • Do NOT form minimal pairs 

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39

Free Variation

Allophones occur (mock, mop) (fourth floor - higher class, foeth floor - lower class)

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40

Lexically Significant Pitch

Distinguishes the meaning of utterances

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41

Syllable Pitch

Each syllable carries in its nucleus at least one significant pitch unit

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42

Register Tones

Have level, state pitches (low tone, mid tone, high tone)

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43

Contour Tones

Involve pitch shifts (falling tone, rising tone, falling rising, rising falling)

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44

Agglutinative Languages

A word consists of fully segmentable morphemes

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45

Fusional Languages

Many grammatical elements are not clearly segmentable; grammatical affixes have multiple grammatical features

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46

Polysynthetic Languages

A word is composed of many bound morphemes; a whole sentence can be expressed by a word (Mohawk, Chukchi, Ainu, etc.)

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