Bio test 2

Function of the endocrine system

Secretion of hormones

Components of the Endocrine System

Hormones, Glands, Homeostasis

How do hormones effect the Endocrine System

chemicals that affect the behavior of other glands/tissues

Often found far away from the site of the actual hormone

Ex. Melatonin, Cortisol

How do glands effect the endocrine system

Create and Secrete hormones

Found throughout your body and in your brain

Ex. Pituitary and pineal glands, Thyroid glands

How does homeostasis effect the endocrine system

maintain a stable internal enviornment

Ex. Stress responses, growth and development, metabolism

Negative feedback loops example

Insulin secretion

• Blood sugar rise

• Pancreas make insulin

• Insulin cause liver to store glucose

• Glucose removed from blood → storage

2 Chemical classes of hormones

Peptides

Steroids

Peptides

Attach to cells surface

Majority

Ex. Adrenaline

Steroids

Travel INTO cell through the plasma membrane

Ex. Cortisol

What ways does the hypothalamus regulate your body’s internal environment

Autonomically - heart beat, BP, hunger, body temp

Controls secretions of your pituitary gland

Pituitary gland and its 2 parts

Connected to the hypothalamus

Anterior, Posterior

What does the Anterior pituitary gland do

release hormones that travel via the blood

Ex. Growth, Gonadotropic, and Stress hormones

Posterior pituitary gland

Controlled by a positive feedback loop

Hypothalamus sends signal to ppg → ppg secrete hormones needed to stimulate something

Ex. Oxytocin, vasopressin

Thyroid gland

Found in the neck

Hormones made - Calcitonin

What is calcitonin important for

Controls blood calcium levels

Important for bone formation/development AND muscle contractions

Adrenal glands

Sit on top of kidneys

Involved in stress response

Inner part of adrenal glands

adrenal medulla

Outer part of adrenal glands

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal medulla description

Under nervous control (nerve impulses from the brain)

Hormones made from epinephrine

Short-term stress response AKA fight or flight response

Adrenal cortex description

Controlled by signals from the anterior pituitary glands

Hormones made: mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Long terms stress response (Ex. reduced inflammation to save energy)

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Adrenal medulla

Fight or flight

Nerve impulses sent from hypothalamus to prompt a QUICK response to stress

Mineralcorticoids

Adrenal cortex

Regulate salt and water balance

Glucocorticoids

Adrenal cortex

Regulate metabolism and results in increased blood glucose levels

Pancreas

Found in between your kidneys and small intenstine

3 types of endocrine cells in Pancreas(only need to know 2 though)

Alpha Islet cells (Glucagon)

Beta islet cells (Insulin)

Insulin secreted when

blood glucose HIGH

Glucagon secreted when

blood glucose is LOW

Gonads

Testes

Ovaries

Thymus

Locate in your chest between the lungs, behind the sternum

Make white blood cells - lymphocytes

Pineal gland

Found in the brain

Produce melatonin

Endocrine disorders

Diabetes, Gigantism, Goiter, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism

Key players in the cardiovascular system

Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), Blood (and its components), Heart

Arteries

Carry blood AWAY from the heart TO capillaries

Conain smooth muscle that contracts to regulate blood pressure and blood flow

Largest artety in the body

Aorta

Capillaries

Connect arteries and veins

VERY small and narrow

Vast networks all throughout your body

Form capillary beds

Diffusion of nutrients when needed

Veins

Take blood FROM capillaries TO heart

Often have valves to prevent the backward flow of blood

Largest vein

Venae cava

Varicose veins

occur when blood pools in veins, causes them to enlarge

Three main functions of blood

Transport - waste, nutrients, hormones

Homeostasis maintenance - regulation of body temperature by dispersing body heat and regulation of blood pressure

Immunity - protection against disease-causing pathogens

Upper layer of blood

Plasma

Lower layer of blood

Formed elements

• Middle layer = WBC (LEUKOCYTES)

• Bottom layer = RBC (ERYTHROCYTES)

Plasma proteins in blood plasma

Lipoproteins - transport cholesterol

Fibrinogen - needed for the blood clotting mechanism

Antibodies - fight infection

Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes

Made in bone marrow

Carry oxygen bc have hemoglobin

Lack of nuclei and other organelles

Anemia

Not enough RBC or RBC don’t have enough hemoglobin

White Blood Cells

Leukocytes

Have Nuclei

No hemoglobin

Too little WBC

AIDS

Too much WBC

Mono

Constant production of WBC result in

Leukemia

Platelets

Thrombocytes

Involved in coagulating/clotting

2 main factors in blood clotting

Prothrombin - activates fibrinogen

Fibrinogen - make threads and traps RBC for clotting purposes

Myocardium

Cardiac muscular tissue of your heart

Septum

Separates your heart into left/right sides

Path of blood through the RIGHT side of your heart

Poorly oxygenated at this point

Inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonic valve → pulmonary artery → lungs

Path of blood through the LEFT side of your heart

Lungs → Pulmonary vein → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventrivle → aortic valve → aorta

Systole (heartbeat)

Contraction of heart muscle

Diastole (heartbeat)

relaxation of the heart muscle

Rely on the ____ to tell our heart to beat

Medulla Oblongata

Epinephrine stimulate heart too

What is blood pressure

Blood forced into your aorta under pressure

Measure blood pressure with a

Sphygmomanometer in brachial artery (upper arm)

Cardiovascualr disorders

Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, Stroke, Heart attack, Aneurysm

Atherosclerosis

Accumulation of cholestrol in artery lining (refered to as plaque)

lead to clot formation

Hypertension

High blood pressure AKA silent killer

Stroke

Lack of oxygen in the brain → paralysis or death

Heart attack

Myocardial infection

Coronary artery is COMPLETELY blocked

Death of heart muscle due to lack of oxygen

Aneurysm

Ballooning of blood vessel

Caught in time = synthetic graft

Functions of the respiratory system

Allow oxygen to enter blood (inhalation)

Simultaneously allow CO2 to exit (exhalation)

Another word for breathing (ventilation)

Work in conjunction with your cardiovascular system to maintain homeostasis

Homeostasis accomplishes the following within the respiratory system

External respiratory (exchange O2 and CO2 between air and your blood)

Transport gases (lungs → tissues)

Internal respiration (exchange gases between blood and tissue)

Nasal Cavities

Upper Respiratory

hollow spaces in nose that filter, warm, and moisten air

Pharynx

Upper respiratory

Chamber behind oral cavity

Glottis

Upper Respiratory

Opening into the larynx in air passage

Larynx

Upper respiratory

Houses vocal cords and voice box

Responsible for sound production

Trachea

Lower Respiratory

Tube that connects larynx with bronchi

Allow air passage into bronchi

Bronchi

Lower Respiratory

2 tubes that connect trachea to the lungs

Air passage into lungs

Bronchioles

Lower Respiratory

Branched tubes that lead from bronchi to alveoli

Air passage into individual alveoli

Lungs

Lower Respiratory

2 cone-shaped organs

Primary vessel for gas exchange

Alveoli

Lower Respiratory

Air sacs in the lungs

Makes process more efficient

Nose

Only the external portion of the respiratory system

Two nasal cavities that are separated by septum

Pharynx (throat)

Tonsils - lymphatic tissue, protect from bacterial invasion and viruses

Uvula

Other term for something “Going down the wrong pipe”

Aspiration

3 ways body keeps things from going “down the wrong pipe”

Trachea (windpipe) - contains epithelial cells that have cilia on the surface

Cilia - sweep mucous and debris toward the pharynx, keep lungs clean

Mucous - goblet cells

Gas exchange in your lungs

Alveoli surrounded by EXTENSIVE capillary networks

Made up of simple squamous epithelium

Oxygen = alveoli → blood

CO2 = blood → alveoli

Spirometer

Measures ventilation

Tidal volume

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled at rest

Vital capacity

Max amount of air that can be moved in/out during a single breath

Boyle’s Law

At a constant temperature, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

Boyles Law: As air comes into trachea (respiration)

Lung volume increase

Pressure decrease

Boyles Law: As air leaves lungs (expiration)

Lung volume decreases

Pressure increase

Controlling breathing: Inspiration

Send signals for diaphragm to contract

Controlling breathing: Expiration

Diaphragm relaxes in absence of signals

2 types of bronchitis

Acute - inflammation of bronchi

Chronic - airways inflamed and filled with mucus

Asthma

Bronchial muscle undergo spasms

Beta-agonists dilate bronchioles

Pneumonia

Bronchi or alveoli fill with thick fluid

Genetics

Proces of inheritance and explanation of variations between offspring

Gregor Mendel

Pea Plants

Developed the basic principles of inheritance

Parental generations transmit distinctive factors to the offspring

Genetics are found in the form of

Homologous chromosomes

Contain genes

Alternate forms of a gene are

Alleles

Locations on a chromosome

Loci

Phenotype

An individual’s actual appearance includes

• Physical appearance

• Things we can’t see (microscopic or metabolic characteristics)

Genotype

Allele that chromosomes carry that are responsible for a particular trait

Two alleles for each trait

Dominant allele

Can mask the expression of a recessive allele when placed together in the same organism