Unit 3 - Bio10

Core plant properties

Characteristics that define plants, including their ability to perform photosynthesis, cell structure with cellulose, and reproductive methods.

Non-Vascular plants

Plants that lack vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients, such as mosses and liverworts.

Vascular seedless plants

Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce via spores instead of seeds, including ferns and horsetails.

Gymnosperms

Seed-producing plants that do not form flowers or fruits, with seeds often exposed on cones, examples include pines and firs.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit, including a wide variety of species such as roses and oak trees.

Seed structure and function

The components of a seed, including the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat, which function to protect and nourish the developing plant.

Flower structure and function

The parts of a flower, including petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels, which facilitate reproduction through pollination and seed production.

Adaptations for life on land

Features that enable plants and animals to survive in terrestrial environments, such as waterproof cuticles in plants and lungs in terrestrial animals.

Core animal properties

Fundamental characteristics of animals, including multicellularity, heterotrophy, and the ability to move at some stage of life.

Sponges

Simple aquatic animals characterized by porous bodies and the absence of true tissues, primarily filtering water for food.

Cnidarians

Aquatic animals with radial symmetry and specialized cells called cnidocytes for capturing prey, including jellyfish and corals.

Flatworms

Bilateral, unsegmented worms that are often parasitic or free-living, with a simple body structure and no specialized respiratory system.

Annelids

Segmented worms with a coelom and a complex body structure, including earthworms and leeches.

Mollusks

A diverse group of animals with soft bodies, often protected by a hard shell, including snails, clams, and octopuses.

Roundworms

Unsegmented worms with a cylindrical body shape and a complete digestive system, many of which are parasitic.

Arthropods

Invertebrates with an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages, including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.

Echinoderms

Marine animals with radial symmetry and a water vascular system, including starfish and sea urchins.

Chordates

Animals that possess a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits at some stage of development, including vertebrates and some invertebrates.

Symmetry in animal groups

The arrangement of body parts in animals, which can be bilateral (two-sided), radial (around a central axis), or asymmetrical.

Complete metamorphosis

A developmental process in insects involving distinct life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

Incomplete metamorphosis

A developmental process in insects where the young resemble smaller versions of the adult and undergo gradual changes.

Core properties of chordates

Characteristics that define chordates, including a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates

Invertebrates lack a backbone, while vertebrates possess a backbone and a complex skeletal structure.

Vertebrate groups

Categories of vertebrates including lampreys, cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Human evolution

The biological and cultural development of humans over time, including the emergence of Homo sapiens and their ancestors.

Hierarchical organization of animals

The arrangement of biological structures in animals from cells to tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism.

Properties of animal tissue types

The four main types of animal tissues: epithelial (covering), connective (support), muscle (movement), and nervous (signal transmission).

Organ systems and their function

Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions, including systems like skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, and more.

Relationship between organ structure and function

The concept that the physical structure of an organ is closely related to its specific function in the body.

Characteristics of homeostatic control

Mechanisms that maintain stable internal conditions in an organism, including temperature regulation and fluid balance.

Urine composition

The chemical makeup of urine, which includes water, urea, creatinine, and various ions, reflecting metabolic processes.

Negative vs positive feedback control

Negative feedback reduces the output of a system to maintain stability, while positive feedback enhances or accelerates processes.

Thermoregulation in animals

The process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a certain range, through mechanisms like sweating or shivering.