Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism - Exam 1

anatomy

study of the structure of an oragnism

Physiology

study of the function of the living organism and its parts and chemical process

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

ventral

stomach (anterior area for a man)

dorsal

back (posterior area for a man)

rostral

cranial

caudal

back bottom

superior

above

inferior

below

external

outside

internal

inside

superficial

very shallow and near the surface

deep

far within and away from the surface

medial

coming to midline

lateral

working its way away from the midline

core of the body

the trunk or torso, but the part of the body that is the clavicle to the base of the hips

proximal

close to the core of the body

distal

further away from the core of the body

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

sagittal

A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

midsaggital

Cuts body into equal right & left sections (Vertical)

transverse

horizontal cut so top and bottom are seperated

prone

laying on your stomach

supine

laying on your back

ipsilateral

same side of the body

contralateral

different sides of the body

abduction

away from the body

adduction

towards to the body

flexion

make the joint smaller

extension

make the joint larger

depression

something is going down

elevation

something is moving up

protrudsion

moving forward

retrusion

moving backwards

circumduction

movement with distal portion is moving a greater deal than proximal portion

pivot

movement with every part is moving the same amount

axial skeleton

skull, spinal column, ribcage

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton (everything else)

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, outside and the tubes of the body that can start outside

endothelial tissue

parts of the coverings within veins and blood vessels and the lymph system

mesothelial

lines internal body cavities (pericardial, pleurae, peritoneal)

connective tissue

type of tissue that either insulates, supports, connects, or builds

intracellular

within the cell

intercellular

stuff between the cells

areolar

basement membrane under epithelial tissues

adipose

areolar tissue with a lot of fat cells (fatty tissues)

fascia

wraps around different organs and muscle groups

tendons

bone to muscle

ligaments

bone to bone

cartilage

can sometimes turn into bone

elastic cartilage

enough collagen that it is pliant

fibrous

very tough and strong, in between each vertebrae, there is a disk

hyaline

what baby skeleton is made out of and does not have a lot of blood flow

condyle

an elevation where at the end of the bone, there is something that looks like a clawed fist, there is only one per bone and thre is not neck

crest

steep elevation and drop off

trochanter

elevation where weirdly shaped protuberant that are not at the end of the bone

head

elevation one per bone and at the end and it is sometimes circular

process

elevation when something sticks out and we can't think of another way to say it

spine

elevation stick out and sharp

tubercle

elevation where somewhere in the bone there is a rounded out-propping growth

shaft

overall bone

fissure

depression where there is a deep indentation

foramen

depression that is a hole

fossa

depression where there is an indentation as if someone took a chisel and attempted to make a hole

groove

depression that is a mild indentation that is not deep

meatus

depression that is a tube like opening

neck

depression that is underneath the head of the bone

sinus

depression that is an air filled pocket

osteoporosis

disease where there are holes in your bones

synarthrodial

immoveable

ex: fibia / fibula

amphiarthrodial

cartilagenous/yielding joint that is fibrous and is only midly moveable

ex: the first rib to connect to the top of the breast bone

Diarthrodial

synovial/moveable joints that are meant to last the whole life

ball and socket

synovial joint that can do anything but it can’t pivot

ex: head of the femur + hip bone’s rounded opening

condyle

(epilsoid) → modified ball + socket, can do anything that b+s can do but less; shallow structure;

ex: wrist

saddle

modified ball + socket, can do anything that b+s can do but less and is less expansive; has more movement that condyle

ex: ears → incus + mallus

hinge

works in one direction, one axis and one type of movement; usually up and down; allows flexion + extension

ex: humerous + ulna → elbow

pivot

allows all parts of the joint to turn the same amount (180 degrees)

ex: skull fits over the vertebrae and turns

gliding

striated

voluntary muscle that can contract but not expand

smooth

involuntary muscle that lines inner tubes + organs and any movement that you do not have control of

ex: lungs, bladder

cardiac

involuntary muscle, but it has striations. muscle of the heart and used for ephactic conduction

agonist

the muscle of the pair that is contracting

antagonist

the muscle of the pair that is relaxed

origin

attachment site that doesn’t move during contraction

insertion

the place where one end of a muscle is attached to the freely moving bone of its joint

actin

smaller ones of the filaments

myosin

larger one of the filaments

spinal curves

convex in throastic, concave in lumbar

cervical

7 vertebrae

thoracic

12 vertebrae (same number as ribs)

lumbar

5 vertebrae

kyphosis

severe convex in thorastic vertebrae which is caused by geentic disorders or osteoporosis

lordosis

severe concave in lumbar vertebrae

scoliosis

posterior look at the back is a C or S shape

atlas

C1 (cervical 1)

axis

C2, and it is the bony prominence that sticks up through C1 that acts as a pivot joint for the skull

dens

the odontoid process which is the bony prominence so they are able to pivot

pelvis

made of the sacrum, coccyx, ilium, ischium, pubis, and acetabulum

pectoral girdle

scapula + clavicle