10 - Geography

Midterm Exam Review

What is a coniferous tree? Where are they found? (4)

- Needles, do not change colour
- Taiga, boreal, montane + mixed

How much bitumen is in tarsand?

315 billion barrels of oil

What is abiotic + 2 examples?

non living resource (stone, diamond)

What is a deciduous tree? Where are the found? (2)

- leaves, change colour
- found in west coast + mixed

What is a non-commercial forest?

forests that are not often harvested for industrial use

What is mined using underground/deep mining? (2)

minerals deep below the surface (diamond, potash)

Renewable resource

resources that can replenish if harvested in reasonable amounts, usually biotic

What is asbestos used for + where is it mined?

- insulation, protective clothing, electrical insulation
- Mainly Quebec, but it is no longer mined

pulp + paper (3)

- wood processed into pulp + paper
- BC, ON + QUE produce most, only PEI doesnt
- Canada is 2nd largest producer

What is lumber + how is it used?

cut + prepared wood that has industrial uses and building

Primary industry

extraction of raw materials

Where in Canada are most forestry employees working?

B.C.

Selective cutting pros (1) + cons (2)

pros: best for environment
cons: most expensive, cannot be replanted

Which forest region is the most productive?

west coast

Shelterwood cutting pros (1) + cons (1)

pros: better for environment
cons: expensive

Clear cutting pros (1) + cons (1)

pro: cheap
con: bad for environment

What is conventional energy + 2 examples

Energy sourced from harvestable resources (usually non renewable), like coal, hydro, fossil fuels, etc

What are the 3 types of mining?

Strip mining, open pit mining + underground/deep mining

name 1 major mineral of each type of mineral + where they are found?

industrial: diamonds - arctic/north
metallic: gold - canadian shield
fossil fuel: oil - alberta

Where are oil sands found in Canada? (2)

northern alberta + saskatchewan

What is a commercial forest?

forests that are harvested for profit

What is biotic + 2 examples

a resource that originates from something living (wood, leather)

What are tar/oil sands made of?

sand, clay + bitumen

Secondary industry

refining of extracted materials

What is bitumen?

a deposit of very heavy crude oil

Tertiary industry

services related to the processed material (selling it, using it)

What is a non-renewable resource + 2 examples

resources that exist in finite amounts or take to long to develop (fossil fuels, gold)

Resource town

a town that exists only because is is nearby a
natural resource. if the resource is no longer being extracted the towns can close

What is flux?

a material that is combined with ore + melted

Name a job example for each level of industry

Primary - logger
Secondary - paper factory worker
Tertiary - paper seller
quaternary - accountant

Where is each forest type located?

boreal - everywhere, south of taiga
taiga - everywhere, north of boreal
west coast - west coast
montane - east of wc
mixed forest - maritimes area

What are the 3 types of harvesting forests

clear cutting, shelter wood cutting + selective cutting

What is mined using open pit mining?

minerals near the surface that may extend very deep (copper, coal)

_/16 employees in Canada work in forestry

1

What are Canada’s forest region? (5)

boreal, tania, montane, west coast + mixed

What is a fossil fuel?

minerals that can be burned to produce energy

what are the 3 types of minerals? give 3 examples for each

Metallic - iron, gold, tin
Industrial - asbestos, diamond, sand
Fossil fuels - oil, natural gas, coal

What causes asbestos to be controversial? (2)

asbestos is controversial because it causes many serious health problems induding
- asbestosis, lung cancer etc.
- also is bad for the environment

Quaternary industry

intellectual activities involving the use of the resource

Where are minerals located in Canada? (2)

In the canadian shield, arctic

What is alternative energy? 3 examples

energy derived from a renewabie source, more environmentally friendly than conventional energy. Wind, solar and geothermal

How is bitumen extracted? (2)

Surface mining- 20%
- sand is scooped into trucks
- mixed with hot water to separate bitumen
In situ recovery - 80%
- steam is injected down drilled holes
- oil is pumped up

What is an industrial mineral?

neither metallic nor fossil fuels, but a range
of products extracted from the earth

What is mined using strip mining? (2)

minerals in horizontal layers under the surface (coal, oil sands)

What is milling?

a process that separates minerals from waste rock

overburden

the material above an area that will be used for mining that is removed

What is smelting?

ore is combined with flux + melted

What are tailing ponds/tailings + why are they bad?

- a mixture of water, chemicals + rock dumped into tailing ponds, they are caused by mining
- bad for environment

What is runoff?

water that runs off land into river, lakes + oceans

What % of water is fresh?
What % of water is salt?

fresh - 3%
salt - 97%

hydroelectricity pro (2) + cons (3)

pros: renewable, doesn't pollute
cons: expensive, remote, causes flooding

What is a wetland?

area of land saturated with water like a swamp

What is water stock?

water in lakes that doesnt regenerate

What is water supply?

amount of water that regenerates annually

What % of water is fossil water?

70%

What % of water is in bodies of water?

30%

What is ground water?

Water soaked into the earth through porous rock

What is water in Canada used for? (5)

hydroelectricity, drinking, mining, processing, agriculture

what do the following groups want?
a) NCN
b) local indiginous
c) manitoba hydro
d) environmentalists
e) alternative energy producers

a) for dam
b) against dam
c) for
d) against
e) against

Which type of harvesting?

a) shelterwood logging
b) clear cutting
c) selective cutting

What % of Canada is forest?

37&