bio chem functional groups

Organic Molecule Classification

Carbon and Hydrogen

Stable Bonds for Carbon

4 bonds

Stable Bonds for Hydrogen

1 bond

Stable Bonds for Nitrogen

3 bonds

Stable Bonds for Oxygen

2 bonds

Stable Bonds for Phosphorus

3 bonds

Stable Bonds for Sulfur

2 bonds

Carbon's Covalent Bonds

4 bonds because it has four valence electrons in its outermost shell, which holds a maximum of 8. So carbon needs 4 more electrons in that shell to be stable.

Covalent Bond Type with Hydrogen

Nonpolar

Hydrocarbon Solubility in Water

Insoluble in water because the C-H bonds are all nonpolar covalent bonds, making hydrocarbons nonpolar molecules.

Difference in Carbon Atoms

There is no difference. A carbon atom is always the same, no matter what molecule it is a part of.

Hydroxyl Group Addition to Ethane

Adding a hydroxyl to a hydrocarbon forms an alcohol. Ethane would become ethanol C2H6O.

Properties Change with Hydroxyl Addition

Ethane (hydrocarbon) would be nonpolar and insoluble in water, but ethanol (alcohol) would be polar and soluble in water.

Functional Group in Acids

Carboxyl group

Isomers Definition

Two structurally dissimilar molecules with the same molecular formula.

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

A bond between two molecules is formed and a water molecule is lost/removed.

Hydrolysis Reaction

A bond between two molecules is broken and a water molecule is added.