APUSH Review

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, people, ideas, and diseases between the Old World and New World after 1492.

Encomienda System

Spanish system of enslaving Native populations and forcing Catholic conversion.

Casta System

Racial hierarchy in Spanish colonies dividing groups based on ethnicity.

Valladolid Debates

Debates over the harsh treatment of Natives that ultimately ended the Encomienda System.

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 revolt in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against the royal governor, highlighting tensions between colonists and colonial leadership.

Mercantilism

Economic policy where a nation gains wealth by exporting more than it imports.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies during the 1730s and 1740s which questioned church authority.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that it was America's God-given duty to expand from coast to coast.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

1857 Supreme Court case ruling that African-Americans were not citizens and had no constitutional rights.

Gilded Age

Period of rapid economic growth and industrialization in the late 19th century marked by political corruption.