ANS42 Midterm 1 pt2

animal exploitation

a situation in which "humans have absolute dominion over animals. They can be used or abused for any purpose without restriction for sports, profit, etc"

animal liberation

the belief in which "animals should not be put to work or to produce for our benefit in any way. We should try to eliminate all types of animal use as well as abuse." Keeping pets is considered by some who believe in animal liberation as a form of enslavement and should be abolished.

animal welfare

promote use of animals but in a humane way

animal rights

no use of animals at all

companion animal

pet

any animal that is domesticated or tame that is kept as a favorite or treated in indulgence or fondness
kept for no practical or economic purpose

pet exceptions

service dogs, K9 units, cat killing rodents

ancient history pet keeping

see them in hunting societies to keep them as educational purposes --\> hunters keept young rodents and amphibians to give children

modern reasons for companion animals

humans have social needs and these animals/pets fulfill these affiliative requirments, even antisocial ppl can have relationships
benefit from animals like therapy dogs and cats

example of benefit from companion animals

In 9/11 dogs dual job of finding people and also giving emotional support, cardiovascular benefits, decrease heartrate, decreased BP just from interacting with animals you don't have to physically touch the animal to have this reaction it's just from sight

non scientific definition of domesticated

to adopt (either an animal or a plant) to life in intimate association with, and to the advantage of humans

domesticated species

a species that have been bred in captivity for purposes for economic benefit for humans & human community maintains complete mastery over food, food supply, breeding, social organization and territory
-animal has adapted to live in a human community
-humans have biological and cultural control over the animals
-process adapted over generations

do domesticated species do well in human envirnoment?

yes

zoo animals

we control their breeding, movement and food so they arent domesticated because NO ECONOMIC BENEFIT

do wild animal automatically get domesticated?

no, there is a process

tame

the state in which an animal's tendency to flee from humans has been gradually eliminated, it has not been domesticated even though it wont flee

Does a tame bear have tame cubs?

no, the cubs will be fearful of humans even though the mother is tolerant of humans
a domesticated dog's puppy WILL be domesticated though

how many generations does it take for a tame animal to become domesticated

it takes 30 generations

feral

an animal of a domesticated species that no longer is integrated into a human community
ex: feral cats

will feral animals ever get back to being wild

no, the dingos have been feral for 300+ generations but are not considered wild

what are the two domestication parallels

1. natural evolution
2. domesticating evolution

natural evolution

1. emergence of a new trait/feature enables occupation of an unoccupied ecological niche
2. explosive radiation to fill all niches
3. darwinian selection: survival of the fittest
4. Adaptive Radiation: increased specialization within niche (herbivored specializing in low foliage vs those specializing in high growing foliage
5. specialization by non-adaptive/neutral specializing (herbivores eating only red leaf plants)
6. cessation of discernible change in an unchanging environment

domesticating evolution

1. a shift in human culture provides a new ecological niche fro species with favorable characteristics (human camps with rubbish heaps)
2. domestication of many specialized animals (milk producers, scavengers, guarding species
3. darwinian selection: survival of the fittest
4. concerted specializing of individuals within a species (specialized function within the dog species) and increased improvement for behavioral and physiological functions (better milk producing)
5. development of breeds or varieties by establishing artificial reproductive barriers (once an animal has improved a trait, restricting its breeding to mates with complementary traits)
6. Cessation of discernible evolutionary change in an unchanging environment

specifical parallel between natural and domesticated evolution

step 3 (survival of the fitest) and step 6 (cessation of discernible evolutonary change) are the same in both and the scale sequence of events is also similar between the two

evidence for animals in human community

1. proportion of age groups differ from the wild
-\> look at bones of diff animal to see how long and the forms of animals, in 1000 yrs 10% to 60% goat bones seen so more goats used then
2. Proportion of sexes differ from the wild
-\> mothers more important in human community bc of breeding but not important in wild
3. Morphological changes
-\> look different in the wild
4. Artistic representation
-\> look at human depicions
5. Objects associated with animal husbandry
-\>look for human object with animals to show they are together
6. Animals are geographically different in different territories
-\> animals in places they didnt originate from (koalas)
7. Ritualized Burial
-\> mummification of cats in Egypt

how long have dogs been in a relationship with humans

over 14,00 years, longest ever

species with shorter reproductive span will

domesticate faster

how was domestication initiated?

1. human inititated (capture)
2. Animal initiated

Animal initiated domestication better becasue

the whole population rather than one was domesticated so makes it easier to breed and therefore make them domesticated

symbiotic relationship

benefits both humans and animals, protection for food, human capture doesn't work as much bc there wasnt a symbiotic relationshop

African Honey Guide ex of symbiotic relationships

wild bird that eats beeswax and grubs but cant get to the bees hive so they will find the hive and goes to people so they know that they should follow to the bee hive

example of coevolutions of animals with humans

humans who developed a tolerance to milk sugar could use animals that give milk

Traits that favor domestication

1. Social Structure
2. Sexual Behavior
3. Parent and Young Interactions
4. Favorable Response to Humans (flight distance)
5. Other

Social Structure as a domestication trait

animals that live in groups are easier to domesticate versus animals that live alone
-need to follow a social hierarchy since species will want to follow the leader ex: pecking order in chickens
--\> humans can insert themselves in the hierarchy and assume the leadership role

Sexual Behavior as a domestication trait

1. promiscuous mattings needed: want to do genetic breeding and select for the specific genes
2. males dominant over females
3. ritualized courtship: recognized breeding behavior due to humans providing the male to the female so they need to know what to do when together--\> doesnt mater what what animal looks like and no need for competition

Parent and Young Interactions as a trait for domestication

1. Wide acceptance during post-natal life
-\> mother aggression when human tries to pick up baby is unfavorable, more acceptance to humans required

Favoravle Response to Humans (flight distance) as a domestication trait

1. Animal doesnt have a flee response when human approaches
2. animals that are more favorably inclined to accept a bunch of things will be easier to domesticate and likelier to accept human responses
-\> unfavorable if animal wants to kill human

Other in terms of domesticly favorable traits

1. Flexibility in dietary requirments
ex: Koala eats eucylyptus which is hard to get this specific food
2. Not too agile

Consequences of Domestication

1. Neoteny
2. Increased Reproductive fertility
3. Decreased stress levels
4. Decreased self-survival skills
5. Increase in genetically unfavorable traits

Neoteny

the retention of juvenile traits of the WILD ancestor in the adult domesticated individual

Neotenic trait example in foxes

♣ Adult domesticated fox has more features, behavior and physical to the young wolf than the adult wolf, more curiosity and more willing to take risks to go toward the human

fox experiment

♣ wild foxes in cages and investigator did selective breeding 1. least scared to least scared("tame") and 2. Scared/wild
after 20 years they made foxes that were less scared and more inclined to respond to humans
♣ Change in behavior when only bred tame to tame, the animals physical appearance changed (rounder heads, fox ears were droopy, white spots, reproductively more active 2x yrly vs 1x)

examples of neotenic traits in cats

adult cat that is domesticated, tail is up, running toward you, that is a juvenile wild kitten behavior that is retained in domesticated cat
mom adult wild cat scruffs kitten and goes limp, juvenile response in the wild kitten but if adult wild cat had neck scruffed it would flip out

Increased reproductive fertility

example of a consequence of domestication

Decreased stress levels

the stress hormones are linked to coat color, the stress hormones are working through
dogs have decreased brain size and decreased perception of the environment, increase interpretive capacity of human behavior bc it has coevolved on what you want based on your behavior

Decreased self-survival skills

humans give dogs food so they dont have to go out and forage/fight for the food that they eat
shows human interaction

increase in genetically unfavorable traits

dogs that need to have C-section to have a pup
sphynx with no hair, favorable for human and unfavorable for the cat in the wild

Dogs Derived from wolves

DNA chromomsome number is the same
mitochondira DNA are similar
behavior is similar
wide adaptability: ability to select difference and make them bigger/smaller

how many different domestic lineages of dogs were made

4 to 5, undusre where these lineages started,

cats came from

the fertile crescent around Egypt and moved to other areas

neotenic traits

when adult domesticated animal exhibits the WILD juvenile ancestor trait

Raymond Coppinfer categorized behavioral steps of wolf pup with increasing age

1. Reactive Behavior
2. Play Behavior
3. Heading and stalking behavior
4. Healing behavior
5. Maturity

Reactive Behavior

in coppinger steps
first phase of wolf pup behavior where it is starled by something and then retreats back to the den

play behavior

second phase in coppingers steps
the wolf pup plays with objects with sibilings tail or leaf
similar to retriever dog because loves to be playful and bring things back

heading and stalking behavior

third phase in coppingers wolf pup maturity
moving forward to stop forward of the object, leave blows and fox starts to stalk it
hunting dog like border collie is stuck in this phase

healing behavior

fourth step in coppinger maturity of the wolf pup
accompanying parent on a hunt and nipping at the heels
ex: in australian shepherds and corgis since they nip at the feet

maturity

last phase in coppinger steps to maturity in wolf pups
killing behavior to get food

Behavior potential

the range of possible reactions foverned by genetic
ex: can go 0 to 100 miles but dont every stay at either extremes

example of behavior potential

kitten raised with rat and now has emotional relationship with the cat but not with al lrats
snake and hamster friend

Nature vs Nuture

combination of gentic and envvironment
genes: defines possibilties, this is the potential the animal has for behavior
environemnt: refines possibilies and alters the actual potential to fit the circumstances

Socialization

exposing an animal to many things early on helps develop brain connection
-accepting of multiplicity and all stuff in the environment

example of rat socialization experiment

o rat pups two groups 1. Group handled the rats nicely and 2. Group left alone
o Then put group 1 in the new environment, they were exploring the new environment
o Put group 2 in new environment, they were scared, couldn't determine dangerous vs new since they didn't have the skill to do that before

Social attachments

recognizing and accepting other species and recognizing their own speices
ex: chiuhahua growing up with onl kittens

Nutrue overpowering nature

prairie rodents: helicopter mom with lots of contact then the offspring became like their parent but if rodent from helicopter mom raised with father who didn't care they ended up not caring

Imprinting in birds

ducklings imprinting on the dog since it was the first animal they saw, normal for these species

Altricial

development continues signigicantly post birth

Precocial

offspring are born mobile, eating, already have fur and feather, more developed than altricial

Puppies born altricial

the eyes and ears start to work at 3 week and there is increase in response starting at 3 wks to 5 wks due to interest,
after 5 wks it will decrease whereas fear response will increase
hard to rehabilitate feral kitten if past three months
there is a time limit to imprint and socialization

can socialization be between 3 to 7 weeks only?

no it must be renewed and refreshed regularly

communication

the transmittions of information that alters the rcievers behavior --\> info conveyed to someone/thing
--\> how the animal will react with oe another in its group and it is dependent on behavior

visual communication

body language
--\>group hierarchy determined by body language

displays

stereotypical behavior that contain information clearly understood by a member of its own species as well as other species
--\> evolutionarily favored bc if threaten with body language its less costly

example of displays

-when lizards do their push-ups as a territorial physical display/ behavior that this is its territory, humans are integrating into species so we need to know what they are doing
-a scared cat (halloween cat) that means that a cat is scared but another species might think that its aggression because the cat looks very big

dog display from hand out

o Dog with curled lips and blaring teeth with ears back means hes giving up not that hes aggressive, (on hand out, the right hand dog is the submissive)

hard eye

uncomfortable staring that makes dogs uneasy, done by small children without them understanding it

when are visual displays unhelpful?

when we are outside of the room and we cant see the animal doing the display
also the visual displays are usually trangent (there and then gone)

olfactory communication

the transference of information by scent or odors
done by pheremones
can be synthesized by the body specifically for info or as a metablic byproduct,
ex: anal glands, female dogs that pee in esturs

pheremones

chemicals that make up informational odors

examples of olfactory communication

♣ Ex: It's the way ants/snakes follow trails or animals will define territory with this, most species will be able to recognize their same species based on scent
♣ Ex: geniue pig will recognize another one just by scent

Bunt

the rubbing of cheek sebaceous glands to make oild to site mark (when animals see something and mark it)
-cats and rabbits
-when dogs mark territory it is not declaring it as their own but just saying they were there

different ordors lead species to able to detect

ages of animals

difference between visual and olfactory communication

visual is short and olfactory is long lasting and can travel long distances

tactile communication

touch
mutual grooming bc there is communication and transfer of smell, shaking somes hand is tactile
fighting, doesnt always have to be nice

audible communication

primates use a lot of vocal communication
dogs more vocal than wolves --\> neotenic behavior
used for: alter danger
mate selection
aid in escape
interspecies communication

Communication modes summarized

Visual: favored, important in group dynamics
olfactory: long lasting, distinct, pheromones
tactile: physcial connections
aubible: sounds, warning, escape, complex concepts

Ethologist

studies animal behavior

Patricia Bean McConnels interspecifc communication findings

To stimulate behavior/response: Hz by time
1. short in time
2. rapidly repeated
3. fairly high frequency note
Inhibiting behavior/response: Hz by time
1. single
2. long in duration
3. descending note

McConnells study summary

♣ One group had only monotone interactions at 16 weeks fully mature and split them again into
1. Training to come to people with rapid repeating high notes and rewarded with food/love, then training to sit with staaaaaaay
A. then trained to do what group two did and didn't master it
2. Training to come with cookies to coooooome and stay with sit sit sit sit but didn't learn how to do it
A. then trained like group 1 and learned very well
o Wanted to know if it was nature or nurture, also recorded brain activity repeated had activation and when long low note it was inhibition in brain so everything paralleled

are dogs or cats more diverse species

Dogs are the most diverse speices in the world because of the different breeds so compared to cats that dont have much diveristy in form because selection pressure hasnt been applied yet

Skeleton as behavior protential to selection

1. Genetic --\> breeds that are bred for biting have stronger jaws than those who arent bred for strong jaws
2. Environmental influence --\> in tennis the arm that hits the balls is going to have more sense bones

Bones

associated with locomotion for tolerance in different forms (walking, flying) --\> need to tolerate the force that they are going to encounter/way the animal moves

safety facotr in bones

it it is 5 to 7 times the normal force --\> walking has a normal force but there is an additional force for when you jump off stuff so that sup to 7 times the normal force
there is a point of the safety factor --\> cant jump off of a 5 story building and be okay

Skeleton of human and cat

similar

vestigal clavicle

vestigal \= reduced/non functional
TO INCREASE STRIDE LENGTH
in cats because humans want to keep our shoulders apart but a cat wants to be more hunched together so shoulders can be narrower

stride length

the distance covered between footfalls --\> increasing stride length increases distance covered, increases speed and decreases friction between foot and groun on average (bc less energy on the floor and faster travel)

Friction in stride length

friction costs energy and predators dont want to lose energy while trying to get prey

Cat strdie length

have fleile spine, the vertebraw of the back connect flexibly, have propulsion for its hing legs, and with the flexible spine it allows the back legs to come to the front leds to the can push off and completely suspend in the air
ex: cheeta!
CAN COVER THREE TIMES ITS BODY LENGTH IN ONE STRIDE

dog flexibility + stride length

greyhound can run very fast

Modification of the foot form

the way you place your foot

Plantigrade

exemplidfied by humans, bears, racoons --\> good for walking and gives incredible stability becasue the greater proportion of the foot is in contact with the ground