Forces of Attraction 2

What are the five types of molecular forces of attraction?

Ionic bonds, Covalent bonds, Metallic bonds, Van der Waals forces, Hydrogen bonds.

What type of bond is formed by the transfer of valence electrons from a metal to a non-metal?

Ionic bond.

What state of matter do ionic compounds typically exist in at room temperature and pressure?

Solid.

What is the relationship between the strength of a force of attraction and the melting point of a substance?

The stronger the force of attraction, the higher the melting point.

What type of bond is a shared pair of electrons where both electrons come from the same atom called?

Co-ordinate (dative) covalent bond.

What happens in dative bonding?

One molecule donates both electrons in a shared pair to form a bond with another atom that is electron deficient.

What is the difference between a polar bond and a non-polar bond when it comes to electronegativity?

A polar bond exists when there is a large difference in electronegativity between the atoms, while a non-polar bond has little or no difference in electronegativity.

What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in terms of melting points compared to other bonds?

Hydrogen bonds result in higher melting points than other bonds such as van der Waals and dipole-dipole interactions.

What model can be used to predict the shape of molecules based on electron pair repulsion?

The valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

What is hybridization and why does it occur?

Hybridization is the process that allows an atom to form the desired number of covalent bonds by mixing atomic orbitals.

What type of hybridization does a carbon atom undergo in methane?

sp³ hybridization.

What does the term 'delocalization energy' refer to in the context of aromatic compounds?

The extra stability due to the spreading of negative charge around the molecule, preventing the disruption of the π system.

How does the physical property of ice differ from expected due to its molecular structure?

Ice has a higher melting point than expected due to hydrogen bonds, and is less dense than liquid water.

What is the primary characteristic of a giant molecular solid like silica regarding its physical properties?

They have very high melting and boiling points and are insoluble in water.