Reconstruction, Gilded Age, Progressive Era

Presidential Reconstruction

US forces occupied the South and worked to “reconstruct it” 1865-77

Emancipation > Reconstruction 1865 > End of reconstruction 1877 > Violent reassertion of white supremacy > Jim Crow > 1950s-60s Civil Rights movement

you better memorize all that

Abraham Lincoln

1861-65; president during Civil war; passed 13th amendment

13th Amendent

ended slavery

Andrew Johnson

1865-68; Lincoln’s vice president who took over after his assassination; supported end of slavery but didn’t agree with complete equality; allowed Confederates to get their rights and land back

Freedmen’s Bureau

1865-70; designed to provide education medical care, settle disputes between black and white southerners, enforce laws; limited impact

Black Codes

1865-66; granted blacks basic legal rights: the right to marry, own property; didn’t let them have a jury and forced them to accept any labor

Congressional Reconstruction

1867-77; Andrew Johnson impeached; 14th and 15 amendments passed; people gave up on it by 1877

Hiram Revels

1870-71; first African American senator

Ulyssese S. Grant

1869-77; war hero of Civil War; didn’t lead reconstruction

14th amendment

gives protection of law and equal rights to everyone in US; if you’re born in the US, you’re immediately a US citizen

15th amendment

everyone gets to vote regardless of race

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Carpetbagger: northerners who came south that support reconstruction

Scalawag: white southerners who support reconstruction

Enforcement Acts

1870-71: series of federal laws passed by Congress to enforce civil and voting rights of blacks

KKK

largely defeated by 1872

Civil Rights Act

1875; outlawed Jim Crow, granded equality in public accomodations but not private

Compromise of 1877

democrats let republicans win office if they end reconstruction, so Rutherford B. Hayes was the next president

Kansas Exodus

1879; some black people left the South and went to Kansas where there was free land, but it was hard to establish a good farm and get money

Massacre of Wounded Knee

end of Indian Wars

Dawes Act

forced assimilation of Natives

Chinese Exclusion Act

banned Chinese laborers from coming to the US and banned current Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens

Civil Rights Cases 1883

outlaws Civil Rights Act 1875

Ida B. Wells

journalist and anti-lynching activist

Booker T Washington

founder of Tuskegee Institute (black university); gave Atlanta Compromise speech

WEB Du Bois

cofounder of NAACP; academic, civil rights activist

Gilded Age

late 19th century; urbanization, railroads, trusts

Great Railroad Strike

1877; railraod workers form all over the country went on strike, and state militia open fired into crowds

Homestead Steel Strike

crushed by Carnegie, Pinkerton Agents, and state militia who shot at strikers

Pullman railroad strike

suppressed by federal troops and US marshals

Spoils System

president appointed government officials who are politically loyal, well-connected, or can pay; corrupt and incompetent employees

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

1883; solution to the spoils system, which will hire workers based on merit

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890; used against monopolistic businesses

Interstate Commerce Commission

1887; regulates who much railroads are allowed to charge for tickets

Knights of Labor

1880; open to all workers, wanted 8 hour work day

Haymarket Affair

1886; bomb blast and gunfire at labor rally

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

1886; less aggressive than Knights of Labor

Grange Movement

labor movement for farmers

Populist Party

1892; watned to nationalize railraods, gov to control money, income tax; many of these things ended up happening

William Jennings Bryan

democratic and populist 1896 presidential candidate against William McKinley

William McKinley

won 1896 election, republican candidate

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896; establishes separate but equal

Bonanza Farms

large, corporate farms owned by wealth investors of companies

Progressive Era

1897-1920; set of movements to deal with the problems of the Gilded Age

Progressives

middle class and well educated; wanted more expert influence on government and more direct democracy

Teddy Roosevelt

1901-09 republican; reformed football, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, conservation policies

Hepburn Act

1906, regulates railroads through ICC

Pure Food and Drug Act, Food and Drug Administration

1906

William Howard Taft 1909-1913

1909-1913, republican

Woodrow Wilson

1913-1921, democrat; federal income tax, federal reserve system, antitrust acts; during his presidency, the government took a bigger role

16th Amendment

federal income tax

17th amendment

direct election of senators

The “New” Immigration

during Progressive Era; immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, Catholics and Jews; backlash from people in US

US expanding their empire

Alaska 1867; Philippines 1898; Hawaii 1898; Midway Islands 1867, and more; a lot due to Spanish-American War

Spanish American War

provoked from USS Maine exploding 1898; America took Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines

Philippine American War

1899-03; US wanted to control them but Philippines wanted independence