KK3: Observational learning

Observational learning

a type of social learning

- occurs when a learner observes a model's actions and consequences

-guides future actions of learner

-active learning

- more efficient

The Bobo Doll experiment (Albert Bandura)

INTERESTED IN KNOWING:

- what a child (the learner), would do if they observed an adult (the model), aggressively interact with a Bobo doll

FOUND:

- children seeing adult being rewarded for their behaviour or no consequences were more likely to behave aggressively rather than children being punished

Learner

the individual who observes, remembers and initiates the actions of the model

Model

the live, pre-recorded or symbolic person being observed model

Social-cognitive approach

when individual's process, remember and learn information in social contexts

- explains and predicts their behaviour and others

Principles of learning

- consequences are needed as they influence whether you carry out the learning or not

- learning can occur without there being an immediate change in behaviour (learner is latent)

- cognition/thinking plays a role as the learner has awareness and expectations of future reinforcements or punishments, influencing whether actions are replicated or not

Attention (First stage)

when the learner actively watches the models behaviour and consequences

EXAMPLE:

- child hears mum are swearing frequently

Retention (Second stage)

when the learner stores (retains) a mental representation of the model's behaviour

EXAMPLE:

- hears words and stores in her memory

Reproduction (Third stage)

when the learners physical and mental capabilities enable them to perform the model's behaviour

EXAMPLE:

- can speak or say words

Motivation (Fourth Stage)

the learners desire to perform the models behaviour

EXAMPLE:

- child is wanting to be like his parents and be like a grown up

Reinforcement (Fifth stage)

receiving a reward/punishment that increases/decreases the likelihood of the learner reproducing the same behaviour

EXAMPLE:

- child is laughed at and no consequence occurs

- child is yelled at and has a consequence

Types of motivation

Intrinsic motivation

- occurs withing the individual

Extrinsic motivation

- occurs outside of the individual

Types of reinforcement

Self reinforcement

- behaviour reinforced through internal factors

External reinforcement

- behaviour reinforced through external factors

Vicarious reinforcement

- behaviour reinforced by observing someone else performing the behaviour and it's consequences

- enhances motivation

- increased likelihood of behaviour repeating