rad-patho/semis

cystic fibrosis

• it is a generalized disorder resulting from genetic defect transmitted as an autosomal recessive gene that affects the function of exocrine glands.

• signs and symptoms includes a chronic cough and wheezing.

pulmonary damage

it is initiated by gradually increasing secretions from hypertrophy of bronchial glands, leading to obstruction of the bronchial system.

atelectasis

it is collapse of the lung tissue.

cyanosis

it can occur as cystic fibrosis (CF) progresses, particularly in the later stages of the disease when lung function becomes significantly impaired.

• conventional sinus radiography

• CT

it is the study of paranasal sinuses that demonstrate it’s persistent opacification.

respiratory failure

it is resulting from deterioration of the lungs that eventually leads leads to death.

RDS

• occurs frequently in premature, white, male infants.

• it is a disease that affects infants and is a disorder of premature infants or those born at less than 37-week gestation.

• the signs and symptoms include rapid and labored breathing within the first 24 hrs after delivery with atelectasis and respiratory failure.

pneumonia

it is the most frequent type of lung infection, resulting in an inflammation of the lung, and compromise pulmonary function.

legionella pneumophila

it is the most common causes of typical pneumonia.

mycoplasma pneumoniae

it is the most common causes of atypical pneumonias in adolescents and adults.

fungal pneumonias

it may results from pneumocystis, especially in in individuals with compromised immune system.

lobar pneumonia

• it results from inflammation of the entire lobe. a bacterial pneumonia.

• Bacteria is often present in healthy throats. Chest radiography demonstrates collection of fluid in one or more lobes, Produces characteristics of air-bronchogram sign.

segment pneumonia

it results from inflammation of the segment of lung.

bronchopneumonia

• This type of pneumonia is caused by a bacterial (staphylococcal) infection that originates in the airway and spreads out to the alveoli. primarily affecting the bronchi (the larger airways) and the alveoli.

• Radiographically, this appears as small patches of consolidation within the lungs. Air-bronchogram is absent.

interstitial pneumonia

it is a type of pneumonia resulting from inflammation of interstitial lung tissue.

alveolar filtration

results when the alveolar air spaces are filled with fluid or cells.

polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine

this vaccine is used as a preventive vaccine to help reduce the risk of pneumococcal disease in individuals who are at higher risk of contracting it.

legionnaires’ disease

• it is the name given to a severe bacterial pneumonia, it became known after causing deaths of four attending an American legion convention Philadelphia in 1976.

• this disease tends to affect middle aged men.

mycoplasma pneumonia

• this kind of pneumonia or disease is caused by mycoplasma.

• it’s characteristic has bacteria and viruses.

• it is common among older children and young adults.

• this disease appears as fine reticular pattern in a segmental distribution, followed by patchy areas of air spaces consolidation.

aspiration (chemical) pneumonia

• this disease is caused by acid vomitus aspirated into the lower respiratory tract, resulting chemical pneumonitis.

• it may follow anesthesia, alcoholic intoxication, or stroke.

viral (interstitial) pneumonia

• it is caused by various viruses, influenza virus A and B.

• this disease is caused by an infected person shedding the virus, transmitted to nonimmune individual.

• signs & symptoms: dry cough and fever.

bronchiectasis

• this basic pathogenesis is either congenital or an acquired weakness.

• it is a permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi.

• resulting in destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchi wall.

pulmonary tuberculosis

• it is an infection caused by inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• it generally affects lungs.

• Spreads mainly by droplets in air Eventually result in necrosis, fibrous scarring, and calcifications. 

mantoux test

• It is a positive response to intradermal injection of purified protein derivative.

• it is the primary means of diagnosing latent TB.

miliary tuberculosis

• this kind of tuberculosis occurs when large numbers of bacteria are picked up and carried via the bloodstream throughout the body.

• it’s characteristic resembles to millet seeds, which are small, white grains.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

• it is a group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction.

• this disease is irreversible and results in limited airflow.

• it is ranked as the fourth most common cause of death in the united states.

chronic obstructive bronchitis

• this disease arises from long-term, heavy cigarette smoking or exposure to high level air pollution.

• the primary symptoms: persistent cough and expectoration.

• chest radiography may demonstrate hyperinflation of the lungs.

emphysema

• it is a condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended from loss of elasticity interference with expiration.

• characterized by an increase in the air spaces in terminal bronchioles, with destruction of the alveoli.

• primary symptoms: dyspnea.

• chest radiography: may show normal result in early stage.

asthma

• it is a chronic inflammation of the bronchial system resulting in airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

• 22 million in the US has this pathologic condition.

• risk factors: allergens, air pollution, smoking.

• signs & symptoms; intermittent attacks of coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, and chest tightness.

fungi

this are plants without chlorophyll and are widely found in nature.

Opportunistic fungi`

it is a severe fungal infections, and are more likely to disseminate, causing severe illness in patients.

histoplasmosis

• it is a systemic fungal infection caused by dimorphic fungus.

• this fungus thrives in the soil, especially soil that is fueled by bird or bat excreta.

• this fungal infection enters the body through respiratory system.

• symptoms: fever, cough.

pleurisy (pleuritis)

• it is an inflammation of pleura.

• it is often indicative of a serious condition such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, TB, or malignant disease.

pleural effusion/hydrothorax

• it is resulting when excess fluid collects in the pleural cavity.

• it is a frequent manifestation of serious thoracic disease

• it is not regarded as disease entity but rather as a sign of underlying condition.

sinusitis

it is an inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses, which are the air-filled spaces within the bones around the nose and eyes.

bronchial carcinoid tumors

• this tumor are usually considered benign but are included as classification of “lung cancer”.

• they tend to invade local tissues, sometimes metastasize to regional lymph node.

• generally affecting adults in their mid-40s.

• radiographic appearance: shows opacity, bronchial narrowing, obstruction.

• non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

• small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

lung cancer is divided into two main categories what are those?

• squamous cell carcinoma

• adenocarcinoma

• undifferentiated large cell carcinoma

• undifferentiated small cell carcinoma

what are the four main histologic types of bronchogenic cancer?

Bronchogenic carcinoma

• this is a primary lung cancer that arises from respiratory epithelium.

• it is divided into SCLC and NSCLC.

• this type of lung cancer has poor prognosis with 5-years survival rate of 12-14%.

pulmonary metastasis

• it is secondary lung cancer much more common than primary cancer.

• the common types of this cancer: breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer.

• It primarily occurs via the lymphatic system or the circulatory system, alignancy spreads to the lungs.

• radiographic appearance: the metastatic lesion appear as single or multiple rounded opacities.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

• it is a bacterial infection of female reproductive system which is the fallopian tubes.

• it may results from an unsterile abortion or introduction of a pathogen from other sources.

• this inflammation is bilateral.

mastitis

• it is inflammation of the breast, often caused by staphylococcus aureus.

• infection occurs because of cracks or fissures in the nipple.

• sign & symptoms: pain, redness, swelling of the affected breast, and high temperature.

Mycoplasma pneumonia

• is an pneumonia caused by mycoplasmas, the smallest group of living organisms.

• Radiographically, this disease appears as a fine reticular pattern in a segmental distribution, followed by patchy areas of air space consolidation. In severe cases, the radiographic appearance may mimic TB.

Staphylococcal pneumonia

• Occurs sporadically except during epidemics of influenza, when secondary infection with staphylococci is common.

• A pneumatocele (a thin-walled, air-containing cyst) is the characteristic radiographic lesion and is more typically seen in children, may be fatal in infants.

Chronic obstructive bronchitis

Arises from long-term, heavy cigarette smoking or prolonged exposure to high levels of industrial air pollution.

Pneumoconioses

This is an occupational disease where dust or particulate matter is inhaled. This causes the formation of pulmonary fibrosis.

• Types: Silicosis is caused by inhaling silicon dioxide (sand).

pulmonary edema

• occurs when air within the lungs is replaced with fluid, leads to a decrease in gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure.

• It often occurs secondary to congestive heart failure (CHF) or renal failure.

Ventilation

involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs.

Diffusion

relates to the gas exchange between the lungs and the circulatory system.

nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.

enumerate the upper respiratory tract.

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs

enumerate the lower respiratory tract.

parietal pleura

what is the covering the lines in the thoracic cavity?

visceral pleura

it is the protective layer that directly covers the lung tissue.

maxillary and ethmoid sinuses

this sinuses are the only sinuses that are present at birth.

frontal sinuses

this sinus develops shortly after birth and are fully developed by the age of 10 years.

sphenoid sinuses

this sinuses begins to develop around the age of 2 or 3 years and is fully developed by late adolescence.

computed tomography angiography (CTA)

current standard of care when a pulmonary embolus is suspected, Indicated in the clinical staging of small cell lung carcinomas and in the detection of metastatic disease of the chest.

Croup

• Primarily a viral infection of young children that produces inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic portion of the trachea. 

• Radiographic Appearance: Frontal radiographs of the lower neck show a characteristic smooth fusiform, tapered. narrowing (hourglass shape) of the subglottic airway caused by edema “Steeple Sign”.
  

Epiglottitis

• Acute infection of the epiglottis commonly caused by Haemophilus influenza in children.

• radiographic appearance shows “Wine Bottle sign”.

Positron Emission Tomography

 captures information regarding metabolic activity.

Fluorodeoxyglucose

useful in distinguishing benign and malignant lesions.

croup

viral infection of young children that produces inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic portion of the trachea. 

radiographic characteristic shows “steeple sign”.

Epiglottitis

Acute infection of the epiglottis commonly caused by Haemophilus influenza in children.

radiographic appearance shows “Wine Bottle sign”.

Anthrax

Caused by sporelike microbes – bacillus anthracis, Inhalation of the microbe can induce production of toxins that cause cellular edema and disruption of normal cell function. Early signs are similar with that of influenza.