rad-patho/semis

cystic fibrosis

cystic fibrosis

• it is a generalized disorder resulting from genetic defect transmitted as an autosomal recessive gene that affects the function of exocrine glands.

• signs and symptoms includes a chronic cough and wheezing.

pulmonary damage

it is initiated by gradually increasing secretions from hypertrophy of bronchial glands, leading to obstruction of the bronchial system.

atelectasis

it is collapse of the lung tissue.

cyanosis

it can occur as cystic fibrosis (CF) progresses, particularly in the later stages of the disease when lung function becomes significantly impaired.

chest radiography

it aids in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

• conventional sinus radiography

• CT

it is the study of paranasal sinuses that demonstrate it’s persistent opacification.

respiratory failure

it is resulting from deterioration of the lungs that eventually leads leads to death.

RDS

• occurs frequently in premature, white, male infants.

• it is a disease that affects infants and is a disorder of premature infants or those born at less than 37-week gestation.

• the signs and symptoms include rapid and labored breathing within the first 24 hrs after delivery with atelectasis and respiratory failure.

pneumonia

it is the most frequent type of lung infection, resulting in an inflammation of the lung, and compromise pulmonary function.

legionella pneumophila

it is the most common causes of typical pneumonia.

mycoplasma pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae

it is the most common causes of atypical pneumonias in adolescents and adults.

fungal pneumonias

it may results from pneumocystis, especially in in individuals with compromised immune system.

lobar pneumonia

it results from inflammation of the entire lobe.

segment pneumonia

it results from inflammation of the segment of lung.

bronchopneumonia

is a type of pneumonia that results from inflammation primarily affecting the bronchi (the larger airways) and the alveoli (

interstitial pneumonia

it is a type of pneumonia resulting from inflammation of interstitial lung tissue.

alveolar filtration

results when the alveolar air spaces are filled with fluid or cells.

polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine

this vaccine is used as a preventive vaccine to help reduce the risk of pneumococcal disease in individuals who are at higher risk of contracting it.

legionnaires’ disease

• it is the name given to a severe bacterial pneumonia, it became known after causing deaths of four attending an American legion convention Philadelphia in 1976.

• this disease tends to affect middle aged men.

mycoplasma pneumonia

• this kind of pneumonia or disease is caused by mycoplasma.

• it’s characteristic has bacteria and viruses.

• it is common among older children and young adults.

• this disease appears as fine reticular pattern in a segmental distribution, followed by patchy areas of air spaces consolidation.

aspiration (chemical) pneumonia

• this disease is caused by acid vomitus aspirated into the lower respiratory tract, resulting chemical pneumonitis.

• it may follow anesthesia, alcoholic intoxication, or stroke.

viral (interstitial) pneumonia

• it is caused by various viruses, influenza virus A and B.

• this disease is caused by an infected person shedding the virus, transmitted to nonimmune individual.

• signs & symptoms: dry cough and fever.

bronchiectasis

• this basic pathogenesis is either congenital or an acquired weakness.

• it is a permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi.

• resulting in destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchi wall.

pulmonary tuberculosis

• it is an infection caused by inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• it generally affects lungs.

• an estimated 1.7 billion people world wide carries this disease.

mantoux test

• It is a positive response to intradermal injection of purified protein derivative.

• it is the primary means of diagnosing latent TB.

miliary tuberculosis

• this kind of tuberculosis occurs when large numbers of bacteria are picked up and carried via the bloodstream throughout the body.

• it’s characteristic resembles to millet seeds, which are small, white grains.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

• it is a group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction.

• this disease is irreversible and results in limited airflow.

• it is ranked as the fourth most common cause of death in the united states.

chronic obstructive bronchitis

• this disease arises from long-term, heavy cigarette smoking or exposure to high level air pollution.

• the primary symptoms: persistent cough and expectoration.

• chest radiography may demonstrate hyperinflation of the lungs.

emphysema

• it is a condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended from loss of elasticity interference with expiration.

• characterized by an increase in the air spaces in terminal bronchioles, with destruction of the alveoli.

• primary symptoms: dyspnea.

• chest radiography: may show normal result in early stage.

asthma

• it is a chronic inflammation of the bronchial system resulting in airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

• 22 million in the US has this pathologic condition.

• risk factors: allergens, air pollution, smoking.

• signs & symptoms; intermittent attacks of coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, and chest tightness.

fungi

this are plants without chlorophyll and are widely found in nature.

Opportunistic fungi

it is a severe fungal infections, and are more likely to disseminate, causing severe illness in patients.

histoplasmosis

• it is a systemic fungal infection caused by dimorphic fungus.

• this fungus thrives in the soil, especially soil that is fueled by bird or bat excreta.

• this fungal infection enters the body through respiratory system.

• symptoms: fever, cough.

pleurisy (pleuritis)

• it is an inflammation of pleura.

• it is often indicative of a serious condition such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, TB, or malignant disease.

pleural effusion

• it is resulting when excess fluid collects in the pleural cavity.

• it is a frequent manifestation of serious thoracic disease

• it is not regarded as disease entity but rather as a sign of underlying condition.

sinusitis

it is an inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses, which are the air-filled spaces within the bones around the nose and eyes.

bronchial carcinoid tumors

• this tumor are usually considered benign but are included as classification of “lung cancer”.

• they tend to invade local tissues, sometimes metastasize to regional lymph node.

• generally affecting adults in their mid-40s.

• radiographic appearance: shows opacity, bronchial narrowing, obstruction.

• non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

• small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

lung cancer is divided into two main categories what are those?

• squamous cell carcinoma

• adenocarcinoma

• undifferentiated large cell carcinoma

• undifferentiated small cell carcinoma

what are the four main histologic types of bronchogenic cancer?

Bronchogenic carcinoma

• this is a primary lung cancer that arises from respiratory epithelium.

• it is divided into SCLC and NSCLC.

• this type of lung cancer has poor prognosis with 5-years survival rate of 12-14%.

pulmonary metastasis

• it is secondary lung cancer much more common than primary cancer.

• the common types of this cancer: breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer.

• malignancy spreads to the lungs.

• radiographic appearance: the metastatic lesion appear as single or multiple rounded opacities.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

• it is a bacterial infection of female reproductive system which is the fallopian tubes.

• it may results from an unsterile abortion or introduction of a pathogen from other sources.

• this inflammation is bilateral.

mastitis

• it is inflammation of the breast, often caused by staphylococcus aureus.

• infection occurs because of cracks or fissures in the nipple.

• sign & symptoms: pain, redness, swelling of the affected breast, and high temperature.

follicular ovarian cysts

• it results from faulty reabsorption of the fluid from incompletely follicles.

• These cysts generally do not contain blood and are usually asymptomatic unless they grow large or rupture.

corpus luteum ovarian cysts

• occurs when reabsorption of any blood leaked into the cavity after ovulation leaves a small cyst behind.

• These cysts may cause symptoms like abdominal pain or discomfort if they rupture or bleed.

endometriosis

• it is the presence of endometrial tissue or glands outside the uterus in abnormal location of pelvic.

• these blood cysts (also referred as chocolate cyst).

• sign & symptoms: pelvic and low back pain, dysmenorrhea.

• it is a condition in which the implantation of the placenta leaves part or all of the cervical is covered.

polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

• it is characterized by multiple ovarian cysts, which may interfere with physiology of the ovary.

• it is the most common genital disorder found in young woman.

• on ultrasound, ovarian cysts appear as rounded, anechoic adnexal masses.

cystadenocarcinoma

• malignant tumor of the ovary.

• accounting for more than 60% of all ovarian cancers.

• it is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy.

cervical carcinoma

• common malignancy of the female reproductive system.

• caused by abnormal growth pattern of epithelial cells around the neck of uterus.

• it is a sexually transmitted disease.

leiomyomas

• are benign, solid masses of the uterus, or benign smooth-muscle tumors.

• it only develop during the reproductive years and tend to shrink after menopause.

fibroadenoma

• common benign beast tumors.

• usually unilateral and consists of a solid, well defined mass that does not invade surrounding tissue.

• formed by an overgrowth of fibrous and glandular tissue.

• most occur in women under 30 years of age and most frequently in those 21 to 25 yrs of age.

fibrocystic breast

• overgrowth of fibrous tissue or cystic hyperplasia.

• this condition may be unilateral but most frequently, bilateral.

amniotic fluid

it is a protective liquid produced by various physiologic functions within the mother and the fetus.

oligohydramnios

refers to too little amniotic fluid.

polyhydramnios

it refers to an excess of amniotic fluid.

ectopic pregnancy

• it refers to a development of an embryo outside the uterine cavity.

• approximately 10% to 15% of 1000 pregnancies

• it a life threatening condition.

• Placenta Previa

• Placental Abruption

it is the most common causes of third-trimester bleeding of placenta.

placenta previa

• it is a condition in which the implantation of the placenta leaves part or all of the cervical are covered.

• several degrees are recognized: total, partial, marginal.

placenta abruption

• it is a condition of implanted placenta that prematurely separate from the uterus.

• may be life threatening of the fetus.

hydatidiform mole

• refers to an abnormal conception in which usually no fetus is present.

• presenting sign is a uterine size that is inappropriate for the date.

• uterus is filled with cystically dilated chorionic villi.

prostatic hyperlasia

• it is a benign enlargement of the prostate gland.

• caused by development of discrete nodules within the gland.

• common in men older than 50 yrs old.

transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

it is performed by passing an endoscope through the urethra to core out the gland.

orchiopexy

• it is surgical fixation of an undescended testis into scrotum through the inguinal canal.

• it is recommended for patient who has undescended testis.

adenocarcinoma of the prostate

• it is a common cancer in men, frequently affects older men.

• occurs more frequently in posterior lobe of the prostate.

• signs and symptoms: urinary tract obstruction, enlarged prostate on rectal palpation, and lowback pain.

testicular torsion

• it occurs if a testicle twists on itself, inducing severe pain and swelling.

• if not correct surgically severe compromise testicular vascularity occurs.

color Doppler ultrasound

what is the preferred imaging modality for testicular torsion or epididymitis for adults?

radionuclide studies

what is the preferred imaging modality for testicular torsion or epididymitis for children?

EPIDIDYMITIS

it is Inflammation of the epididymis.

sonography

• this imaging modality is commonly use to evaluate testicular masses or an enlarged scrotum.

• it helps differentiate among epididymitis, orchiditis, and testicular torsion.