SLHS Study Guide

Flashcards on Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology lecture notes.

Speech

The study of speech, its anatomical and physiological bases, the formation and production of speech sounds, and the perception and understanding of speech

Language

The study of the organized system of verbal or nonverbal means of communication

Hearing

The study of hearing, its anatomy and physiology, its perception and understanding, and its relation to communication.

Roles of Audiologists

Select, fit, and dispense hearing aids and other assistive listening devices (ALDs); Evaluate & assist people with central auditory processing problems; Consult with government & industry to recommend & fit hearing protection

Roles of SLPs

Work to prevent, assess, diagnose, and treat speech, language, social communication, cognitive-communication, and swallowing disorders in children and adults.

The History of ASHA

Originally Academy of Speech Correction (1925); Renamed in 1946: American Speech and Hearing Association; Final renaming in 1978: American Speech-Language & Hearing Association; located in Rockville, MD

Educational Standards for Training Programs

ASHA sets standards for professional training for clinicians; The Council on Academic Accreditation (CAA) accredits SLP and AuD master’s degree programs that meet its minimum standards; established accreditation standards using a peer review process

CCC-AUD requirements

Doctoral degree in audiology; course work; clinical practicum – 1820 hours supervised by CCC-AUD (at least 50% acquired in person); pass PRAXIS

First principle of ASHA’s code of ethics

Individuals shall honor their responsibility to hold paramount the welfare of persons they serve professionally or who are participants in research and scholarly activities, and they shall not treat animals involved in research in a humane manner.

Second principle of ASHA’s code of ethics

Individuals shall honor their responsibility to achieve and maintain the highest level of professional competence and performance.

Third principle of ASHA’s code of ethics

Individuals shall honor their responsibility to the public when advocating for the unmet communication and swallowing needs of the public and shall provide accurate information involving any aspect of the profession.

Fourth principle of ASHA’s code of ethics

Individuals shall uphold the dignity and autonomy of the professions, maintain collaborative and harmonious interprofessional and intraprofessional relationships, and accept the profession’s self-imposed standards.

Oral Language

Organization of speech sounds into a higher level of words and sentences that generate meaning.

Speech vs Language

Speech is the essential component of oral language because one can articulate speech sounds without producing oral language, but it is impossible to produce oral language without articulating speech sounds.

Non-oral Language

Organization of non-oral signs or symbols into a higher system of communication.

Free Morphemes

Morphemes that can stand alone and mean something

Bound Morphemes

Morpheme that cannot stand alone to convey meaning; it is added to other words.

Language competence

The innate (present at birth) and perfect knowledge of the rules of the universal grammar, which apply to all languages

Surface Structure

The actual arrangement of words in a syntactic order

Deep Structure

The abstract structure that primarily holds the rules of sentence formation

Pragmatics

The study of the rules of language usage in social situations. It describes several functions of language (requests, commands, social interaction)

Speech act

Every utterance is a speech act. So every utterance serves a function in communication, suggesting that speech acts (not morphemes, words, or sentences) are the basic units of communication

Behavioral Theory

Language is verbal behavior, a form of social behavior maintained by the actions of a verbal community.

Hearing (Component of Communication)

Essential for typical communication due to speech perception and production

Fluency (Component of Communication)

Easy, smooth, flowing, rhythmic. speech

Articulation (Component of Communication)

Movement of the speech mechanism to produce the sounds and syllables

Voice (Component of Communication)

Achieved through movements of the vocal folds and power from the lungs

Organic (Etiology)

Systematic Disease, CVA – Aphasia

Functional (Etiology)

No organic cause, Articulation Disorder(Cluttering)

Congenital (Age of onset)

Onset at birth or soon after, Cleft Palete

Acquired (Age of onset)

Developed, had typical communication before onset, Dysarthria

Aphonia

Total lack of voice

Dysphonia

Disordered voice quality, pitch, and/or loudness. Vocal nodules are small nodes that develop on the vocal folds and cause breathy and hoarse voice

Articulation

Difficulty producing the speech sounds of a person’s language correctly — such as producing the “r” sound

Phonological disorder

Patterned errors of difficulty producing sounds

Motor speech disorder

Adult speech sound disorders caused by neurological problems. Impaired movement of the speech mechanism

Conductive hearing loss

The sound transmission from the outer to middle ear is impaired.

Sensorineural loss

The inner ear or auditory nerve may be affected

Presbycusis

Hearing loss associated with aging

Prevalence

Number or percentage of people within a specified population who currently have a particular disorder or condition.

Incidence

Number of new cases to emerge in a population in a specific time period.

Culture

The norms and social behaviors as well as beliefs, arts, customs, habits and styles of individuals of a group

Cultural Humility

Lifelong process of self-reflection and self-criticism whereby the individual not only learns about another's culture but one starts with an examination of his/her own beliefs

Cultural Competence

A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes and policies that come together in a system, agency or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations

Accent

Variation of speech sound production/pronunciation

Dialect

Variation of a specific language influenced by geography, socioeconomic status, culture, etc

Simultaneous Bilingualism

Both languages introduced at the same time before 3 years of age

Sequential Bilingualism

One language is introduced after another, typically after 3 years of age

Respiratory System (Speech Production)

Provides the force (breath stream) used to create speech

Laryngeal System (Speech Production)

The phonatory system, provides phonation

Supralaryngeal System (Speech Production)

The articulatory and resonatory system, creates phonemes

Vocal folds

The structures that vibrate and create sound

Adduction

Union of vocal folds

Abduction

Separation of vocal folds

Thyroarytenoid

Deepest layer of vocal fold layer structure. Contributes to change in pitch

Cricothyroid

Lengthens/tenses vocal folds, contributes to higher pitches

Myoelastic aerodynamic theory

Explains how muscles and tissues well as airflow and pressure, are responsible for VF vibration

Fundamental frequency

Rate at which VFs vibrate per second

Velum

Soft palate, closes to produce high-pressure sounds, opens to produce /m/ /n/ “ing”

Mandible

Moves up, down, side to side, front to back(lower jaw)

Occlusion

The way the two dental arches meet each other. Deviations from a normal, symmetrical relation are called malocclusions.

Class I malocclusion

Only some individual teeth are misaligned.

Class II malocclusion

The upper jaw is protruded and the lower jaw is receded.

Class III malocclusion

The upper jaw is receded, and the lower jaw is protruded.

Tip (tongue)

Located nearest the front teeth when the tongue is at rest.

Blade (tongue)

The surface region that lies behind the tip and below the alveolar ridge of the maxilla and the anterior hard palate.

Dorsum (tongue)

Lies behind the blade and below the posterior hard palate and velum.

Root (tongue)

Faces the back of the pharynx and front of the epiglottis.

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of nerves that originate in the brain

International Phonetic Alphabet

A set of phonetic symbols that represent the sounds in a language

Phoneme

A class of speech sounds and the smallest unit of sound that can affect meaning

Allophone

Varied productions of an individual phoneme EX. /s/ in see vs. /s/ in sue

Diphthongs

Combination of vowels (“coin” goes from O vowel to I vowel)

Manner (Consonants)

How the sound is made; degree or type of constriction of larynx, velopharynx, or oropharyngeal mechanisms

Place (Consonants)

Where the sounds are produced in the oral cavity; location of constriction along oropharyngeal or laryngeal airway

Critical Period (Infant speech perception)

Infants under 1 year of age can discriminate between sounds not used in their language.

Cooing

Various vowel sounds (3 months)

Babbling

Consonant vowel combinations (5-7 months)

Final Consonant Deletion

“bo” for “boat”

Fronting

“tat” for “cat”

Cluster reduction

“side” for “slide”, “bu” for “blue”

Substitution

Producing the wrong sound in place of the right one (lellow for yellow)

Omission

Absence of a required sound (ca for cat)

Distortion

Imprecise sound production

Addition

Adding a sound that doesn’t belong (puhlease for please)

Tongue Thrust

Swallowing pattern in babies/toddlers

Oral-mechanisms exam

Assesses strength, rang of motion, and coordination of articulatory structures

Stimulability

Clinician models phoneme production and asks child to imitate

Perlocutionary (Stages of communication)

Between Birth and 8-10 months; Unintentional infant communication (crying - hungry, tired)

Illocutionary (Stages of communication)

Between 8-10 months; Intentional communication without use of words; Goal directed behavior (pointing for an item)

locutionary (Stages of communication)

Around 12 months of age; Intentional communication with words

Phonation (Vocalization development)

Crying, Fussing, Coughing, Burping

Coo and Goo (Vocalization development)

Sounds are precursors to consonants and similar to back vowels

Exploration and Expansion (Vocalization development)

Squealing, growling, yelling, raspberries

Canonical Babbling (Vocalization development)

Reduplicated and variegated babbling

Jargon (Vocalization development)

Use of more consonants and vowels, utterance takes on adult like intonation patterns

MLU

The average length of a childs multiple utterances (measured in morphemes)

Pure tone (Assessment)

Hearing threshold or intensity at which a tone is faintly heard at least 50% of the time

Bone conduction (Assessment)

Uses bone oscillator to send tones directly to cochlea to test hearing

Audiogram interpretation

A visual representation of a person’s hearing ability. It's used to diagnose hearing loss and determine its type, degree, and configuration