AP Afro Unit 2 Key Terms

Ladinos

Enslaved Africans from early 16th Century

Creole

Africans who worked before chattel Slavery

Juan Garrido and Estevancio

Oddly, Juan was a Conquistador, but also the first free African to arrive in North America. Estevanico was forced to work as a healer and translator

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Global trade of human beings lasting over 350 years.

Coastal African

Region where most slaves were taken to from the interior to the coast. The coast would be the final presence for an individual in Africa

Assimilation

When one group or individual drops aspects of their identity in exchange for aspects of another

Slave Trade Process

-Interior -Middle Passage -Sale

Coastal States

Region where most slaves were taken to from the interior to the coast. The coast would be the final presence for an individual in Africa

Economics of Slavery

Looking at Slavery from the point of view of economics

Slave Narratives

Written or oral account of Slavery

Sengbe Pieh

Led a revolt on a Slave ship

Slave Entrepreneurs

People looking at Slavery not through the lens of humanity but instead seeing Slavery purely for economics

Labor Needs

Turning land to colonies to major population centers requires labor.

Second Middle Passage

During the cotton boom, Slaves were moved to satisfy additional labor needs

Gang System

Laborers worked in groups from sunup to sundown

Task System

Slaves worked on their own to satisfy a labor quota

Building of America

Turning land to colonies to major population centers requires labor.

Constitution and Slavery

The Constitution states, 'The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.'

Slave Codes

Laws that made Slaves in America permanent and hereditary

P.I.H.S

Permanent involuntary hereditary servitude

Upward Mobility and Slavery

A Slave in African and European Slavery could technically become free. However, in America Slavery became P.I.H.S

Stono Rebellion

Slave rebellion in South Carolina

1740 Slave Code

Response to the Stono Rebellion

Dred Scott

Claimed he was free after his master's death due to being in a free state.

Politics of Slavery

Due to the deadlock on the issue of Slavery, politicians, states, and Congress would reach a stalemate on Slavery.

L+S vs. F

Local and state laws challenging the federal government to prolong Slavery.

Local and state laws

Challenging the federal government to prolong Slavery.

Social Construct

Understanding created by society.

Race as a Social Construct

Race will prolong Slavery and result in segregation.

1800 Race "Theories"

1800 European "race theorists" developed ideas regarding race.

Phenotype

Skin color, hair texture, and biological features of viewing race.

1 Drop Rule

Defines race based on blood.

Partus Sequitur Ventrem

A Slave Code needed because of Slave master rape of female Slaves.

African American

Africans going to the "New World" would no longer be African but instead African American.

Gullah

A Creole language developed by African Americans.

Christian Hymns

Slaves adapted such religious hymns to include their experience as Slaves in America.

Gospel

African American Christian music.

Blues

Blues is a music genre and musical form that originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s.

Spiritual

African American religious practices.

Underground Railroad

Series of escape routes from South to North.

1808 Slave Ban

Slavery trading was banned in 1808.

African American Labels

Afro American, African American and Black as social descriptors for the people in question.

St. Augustine

1565, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of African American and European origin in the United States.

Fort Mose

Fort Mose was the first sanctioned free Black town in what is now the United States.

Haiti Revolt

An uprising of enslaved people in 1791.

Louisiana Purchase

US Government purchased land from France.

Louisiana Slave Revolt

About 500 slaves rose up, caused considerable damage, and killed two white men.

Article 14 Haiti Constitution

Article 14 of the 1805 Haitian Constitution reversed prevailing functions of racial categories.

Jacob Lawrence

African American artist.

Slave Labor Protests

Intentionally slowing down work.

Abolition

Lobby group fighting to end Slavery.

Role of Church in African American History

As a place to congregate, the Church became a safe Black institution.

Santo Domingo

In 1526 Africans enslaved in Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) were brought to aid Spanish exploration.

Madison Washington

Led Slave rebellion in 1841 on ship Creole.

Nat Turner

1831 Slave revolt that killed White.

Denmark Vesey

Slave who purchased his freedom, learned to read/write, and planned a Slave revolt that was stopped.

Maria W. Stewart

Teacher, journalist, abolitionist, and lecturer.

Henry Highland Garnet

Spoke at National Negro Convention.

Sectionalism

The different unique areas of the United States that have different needs.

South

Divided America over the issue of Slavery.

CSA

The new nation created by the South after leaving the Union.

Free Black

A non-Slave; by 1860, free Blacks were 12% of the Black population.

Intersectionality

Social concept that recognizes the interplay of two minority groups.

Maroon Community

Consisted of self-emancipated people and those born free in the community.

Palenques

Maroon community in Brazil.

Bayano

Led a maroon community in wars against the Spanish.

Queen Nanny

Led maroons in Jamaica.

Brazil and African Slavery

More enslaved Africans disembarked in Brazil than anywhere else in the Americas.

Capoeira

Form of martial arts developed by enslaved Africans that combines music and call and response singing.

Maroons

Defended Maroon communities and allied with Native Americans.

Second Seminole War

War with Native American Seminole Indians vs. US Government.

Trail of Tears

US government attempt to move Native Americans, leading to war and possibly genocide.

Emigrationists

Supported building new communities outside the United States.

Paul Cuffee

The first person to relocate African Americans from the United States to Africa.

Martin R Delany

Embraced Black nationalism, promoting Black unity, pride, and self-determination.

Black Nationalism

The creation of a Black nation somewhere, often within the United States.

Sierra Leone

Place in Africa where African Americans were relocated to.

Anti-Emigrationists

Believed abolition and racial equality reflected the nation's ideals.

Fugitive Slave Act

Federal government legislation requiring escaped Slaves to be returned.

Paradox of Independence

Celebrating American independence while excluding millions from citizenship because of their race.

Radical Resistance

Extreme way to secure change, often leading to an extreme response.

Political Spectrum

Liberal or conservative views on the best way to end Slavery.

Moral Suasion

Non-violent method of resistance to change the status of African Americans through persuasion.

Harriet Tubman

Crucial to the Underground Railroad and acted as a conductor.

Combahee River Raid

Military operation during the Civil War led by Harriet Tubman.

Photography of Black Leaders

A new technology to counter stereotypes about Black people.

Sojourner Truth

Raised money for the abolitionist cause and participated in speaking tours.

Frederick Douglass

The most photographed man of the nineteenth century.

Rape and Slavery

Slave women were subjected to sexual assault by owners.

Feminist Women and Slavery

Advocated for Slave women after recognizing their unique experiences.

Civil War

War between North and South fought to preserve the Union or to end Slavery.

Fort Sumter

US military base in the South that the North tried to resupply.

Union

The North; the remaining area of the United States after the CSA was formed.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln ends Slavery in the territories not in the Union.

Border States

States between the North and South undecided on which side to join.

13th Amendment

Freed the Slaves; evidence of federal legislation that ended Slavery.

Juneteenth

Marks the end of slavery in Texas on June 19, 1865.

General Order 3

First document to mention racial equality and ended Slavery.