Psychology
biological bases
bases
psychology
brain
nervous system
physiological psychology
behavior
imaging tehcniques
EEG (electroencephalogram)
Computerized axial tomography scans
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
neurons
afferent
efferent
reflexes
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
neuroanatomy
hindbrain
midbrain4
forebrain
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
reticular activating system
pons
amygdala
hypothalamus
thalamus
cerebral cortex
sensory cortex
motor cortex
paul broca
wernicke
roger sperry
University/Undergrad
Physiological psychology
is the study of behavior as influenced by biology.
Huntingtons chorea
is a genetic disorder that results in muscle impairment that does not typically occur until after age 40.
Roger Sperry
demonstrated that the two hemispheres of the brain can operate independently of each other.
Hippocampus
involved in processing and integrating memories.
terminal buttons
The axons end in ________, knobs on the branched end of the axon.
Stressful situations
cause the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands, resulting in fight- or- flight reactions.
EEG
(electroencephalogram) measures subtle changes in brain electrical activity through electrodes placed on the head.
Traits
are distinctive characteristics or behavior patterns that are determined by genetics.
formation
It also plays a role in learning, memory ________, and language processing.
Michael Gazzaniga
has not only done pioneering research in this area, focusing on split- brain patients, but also published works in cognitive neuroscience for the general reader.
axon
is a long, tubelike structure that responds to input from the dendrites and soma.
nodes of Ranvier
The myelin looks like beads on a string; the small gaps between the "beads "are known as the ________.
Reflexes
are quick and involuntary responses to environmental stimuli.
Thalamus
relays sensory information; receives and directs sensory information from visual and auditory systems.
forebrain
is responsible for higher- level thinking such as abstract thought and decision making.
REM
The pons is also implicated in ________ sleep.
genotype
is the genetic makeup of a cell or of an organism.
Genes
are the basic biological elements responsible for carrying information about traits between successive generations.
sensory information
It also plays an important role in processing ________ from the body and sending it back to other parts of the brain.
Excitatory neurotransmitters
serve to excite the cell or cause the neuron to fire.
MRI
uses extremely powerful electromagnets and radio waves to get 3- D structural information from the brain.
Functional MRI
(fMRI) and PET scans (positron emission tomography) do allow scientists to view the brain as it is working.
endocrine system
provides another way by which various parts of our bodies relay information to one another.
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
________ inhibit (or stop) cell firing.
terminal button
releases neurotransmitters, chemical messengers, across the synapse, where they bind with receptors on subsequent dendrites.
cortex
covers two symmetrical- looking sides of the brain known as the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
thyroid gland
located at the front of the neck, produces thyroxine, which is important for regulating cellular metabolism.
Leak channels
are channels that are open all the time and that simply allow ions to "leak "across the membrane according to their gradient.
sympathetic nervous system
is associated with processes that burn energy.
Peripheral nervous system
comprising all other nerves in the body.
parasympathetic nervous system
is the complementary system responsible for conserving energy.
Hypothalamus
controls the temperature and water balance of the body; controls hunger and sex drives; orchestrates the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system; and it can be divided into the lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus, the combination of which regulates eating behaviors and body weight.
forebrain
is the part of the brain located at the front of the head, consisting mainly of the cerebrum.
Nerves
are bundles of neurons, the basic unit of the nervous system.
Imaging techniques
allow researchers to map the structure and/or activity of the brain and correlate this data with behavior.
Computerized axial tomography scans
better known as CAT scans, generate cross-sectional images of the brain using a series of X-ray pictures taken from different angles.
afferent neurons
Nerves sending information to the brain are sensory
efferent neurons
those conveying information from the brain are motor
somatic nervous system
is responsible for voluntary movement of large skeletal muscles.
autonomic nervous system
controls the nonskeletal or smooth muscles, such as those of the heart and digestive tract.
Medulla oblongata
controls involuntary actions, such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and swallowing (basic life functions)
Pons
Latin for “bridge,” the pons is a way station, passing neural information from one brain region to another.
Cerebellum
controls muscle tone and balance
Reticular activating system (RAS)
controls arousal (wakefulness and alertness).
Paul Broca
who observed that brain damage to the left hemisphere in stroke patients resulted in expressive aphasia, or loss of the ability to speak.
Carl Wernicke
discovered an area in the left temporal lobe that, when damaged in stroke patients, resulted in receptive aphasia, or the inability to comprehend speech.
action potential
also referred to as a nerve impulse, is a disturbance in this membrane potential.
Excitatory
neurotransmitters serve to excite the cell or cause the neuron to fire.
Inhibitory
neurotransmitters inhibit (or stop) cell firing.
endocrine system
provides another way by which various parts of our bodies relay information to one another.
hormones
a release substance from glands
Down syndrome
occurs when there are three copies of the 21st chromosome, which generally causes some degree of intellectual disability.
Huntington’s chorea
is a genetic disorder that results in muscle impairment that does not typically occur until after age 40.