House of Reps
Represents districts (popualtion), 435 members, serve 2 year terms,
more formal processes
Senate
Represents states (100 members), 6 year terms
less formal processes
Standing committees
permanent, bills sent here first, hold hearings, edit/revise/markup bills, oversee implementation
Conference committees
a joint committee that makes a compromise version of a bill between house and Senate versions
House of Reps Discharge petition
a majority vote of the full House to force a bill out of a committee
Committee of the Whole
used to expedite the passage of legislation, members may debate and propose amendments
Filibuster
long speech intended to delay action and prevent a vote, usually used by minority party
Cloture
vote to cut off debate on a bill, requires a 3/5 majority
Silent filibuster
senators just need to announce their intention to filibuster for it to get put aside
Power of the purse
congress creates a budget, president signs it into law
Discretionary spending
authorized annually by Congress as a part of budget bills
Mandatory spending
spending required by law, can only be changed by new legislation
Entitlement programs
(Social security, medicare) programs people are entitled to by law
Pork barrel legislation
provides tangible benefits, jobs, money to a district
Logrolling
vote trading by Congress, “I vote for yours, you vote for mine”
Delegate model
representative should follow public opinion, even if they personally disagree
Trustee model
representative votes their conscience regardless of what constituents want
Politico model
blend of both delegate and trustee models
Reapportionment
Every 10 years, alters number of seats each state has in the House
Redistricting
redrawing congressional districts, done by state legislatures
Baker v Carr
allowed court to review redistricting plans, use 14th amendments equal protection clause, “one person, one vote” principle requires that districts be roughly the same size
Gerrymandering
drawing congressional districts in bizarre shapes to benefit their party
Shaw v Reno
racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional, even if district is being drawn based on race to increase minority representation
Party polarization
increasing ideological division between democrats and republicans
Role of president
head of executive branch, job is to enforce laws made by congress, commander in chief of armed forces, though ONLY CONGRESS has power to declare war
Veto
rejects legislation, Congress can override with 2/3 vote in both houses
pocket veto
president takes no action and the session of Congress ends within 10 days of receiving bill
Executive agreements
(informal power of president) agreements with foreign heads of state, like a treaty but don’t require senate ratification
(presidential) Persuasion
presidents lack extensive constitutional powers, so they need support for agenda from Congress and the public
Signing statements
provides presidents interpretation of the bill being signed
executive order
have power of a law, don’t require congressional approval, generally used to direct the bureaucracy and foreign policy
Nominations that require senate confirmation
federal judges, cabinet secretaries, ambassadors, heads of executive agencies
Nominations that don’t require senate confirmation
white house office/staff, chief of staff, pres secretary, advisors
judicial appointments
presidents longest lasting influence because they have life terms
Federalist 70
Alexander Hamilton argues for a single, unitary executive
says that it's necessary for the executive to be able to quickly respond in moments of disaster or war
says that public opinion is a stronger check on a single executive than a plural executive because the people would know who to blame or credit for a situation
22nd amendment
2 term limit for presidents
Bully pulpit
a position of authority that allows the president to speak out on any issue
state of the union address
nationally televised address to congress, attempts to gain support for his agenda and pressure congress
Bureaucracy
implements federal policies
4 types of bureaucrat agencies
cabinet departments, independent executive agencies, regulatory agencies, and government corporations.
Cabinet departments
major area of responsibility over a broad policy area
(justice, defense, treasury)
independent regulatory agencies
makes rules regulating specific industries, more narrow area of responsibility
(environmental protection agency, NASA, CIA)
independent executive agencies
perform public services, reports directly to president
(Social security, federal reserve)
Government corporations
provide services that could be provided by private companies, but aren’t profitable
(AmTrak, US postal service)
Administrative discretion
congress allows agencies to choose how to implement and enforce legislation
Congressional oversight
committee hearings and investigations into an agency’s activities
Federalist 78
Alexander Hamiltion argued for an independent judiciary where judges served life terms
argued that they were able to use judicial review (strike down on laws contrary to the Constitution)
Marbury v Madision
established judicial review
supreme court had the power to rule constitutionality of federal laws, executive orders and actions, and state laws
stare decisis
“let the decision stand”, means to follow precedent
judicial restraint
courts should defer to the democratically elected branches whenever possible
Judicial activism
the court can and should be free to overrule other branches