intro to human anatomy

anatomy

The study of structure of the body parts and their relationships to eachother

Physiology

Study of the function of the body

3 subdivisions

Gross anatomy, microscopic, developmental

Gross anatomy

When you are able to see the structure with naked eye

Microscopic

Need a microscope (cells)

Developmental

Structure you see over time (fertility)

principal of complementary

Function always reflects structure

Bones (structure) can support (function) and protect (function) body organs because they contain hard mineral destroying

6 levels of structural organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Chemical level

Simplest level, atoms that combine to form molecules

Cellular level

Cells are made up of molecules

Tissue level

Tissue has similar types of cell

Organ system level

System has different organs that work together closely

Organismal level

The human organism is made up of many organ system

Tissue

A group of similar cells that have common functions

What is the relationship between 6 structural organizations

They all build off of eachother

Tissue

Group of similar cells that have common functions

Organ

Contain two or more types of tissues

Organ systems

12 major

Integumentary system

Protects

Skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs

Muscular system

Fast acting control system

Endocrine system

Produce hormones

Cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood

Lymphatic system

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns them to blood

Immune system

attacks against forging substance

Respiratory system

Supplied with oxygen and removes CO2

Digestive system

Breaks down food to absorbable units

Urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body, regulates water, electrolytes, acid base balance

Reproduction

Production of offspring

Homeostasis

Maintains a relatively stable internal condition despite continuous changes in the environment

Basic elements of homeostatic

Stimuli, receptors, control Centre, effort, variable, response

In order

Stimulus, receptor, input, output,response,

Stimuli

Cause change in a variable

Receptor

Monitors for change in a variable

Control center

Determines the set point at which variable is maintained

Effector

Receives output from control center, reduces or enhances stimuli

Response

Either reduces(negative) or enhances stimulus( positive)

Variable

Something we can monitor

Positive feedback

to amplify a signal and drive a process to completion

Ex: childbirth (contractions)

Negative feedback

To maintain stability and equilibrium by reducing or reversing a stimulus

Ex cold (shivering)

How many tissues do you need to be an organ

2 or more

Describe anatomical postion

Body erect, feet are slightly apart, palms facing forwards, thumbs facing away from the body

Superior

Towards the head/ upper part of the body/structure (above)

Inferior

Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body(below)

anterior

Towards or at the front of the body ( in front of)

Posterior

Towards or at the back of body (behind)

Medial

Towards or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body (on the outer side)

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body parts or the point of attachment to the body truck

Distal

Farther from the origin of the body parts or the point of attachment of a limb to the body truck

Superficial

Towards or at body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface more internal

Major body cavities

Dorsal, ventral body cavity

Dorsal cavity

cranial cavity, vertebral cavity

Cranial cavity

Brain

Ventral cavity

Spinal cord

Ventral cavity

Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity,

Thoracic cavity

Heart, lungs

Abdominopelvic

Liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, bladder reproductive organs

Serous membrane or serosa

Thin double layered membranes, included parietal serosa and visceral serosa

Parietal serosa

Lines internal body cavity walls

Visceral serosa

Covers internal organs

Serous fluid

Decreases friction as layers move over one another

Pericardium

Heart

Pleurae

Lungs

Peritoneum

Abdominopelvic cavities