Orthopedics (骨科)

Osteoarthritis

1. Osteoarthritis

• 中文： 骨关节炎

• Explanation: A degenerative joint disease where cartilage wears down over time, causing joint pain and stiffness. 常见于老年人，是一种退化性关节疾病，软骨逐渐磨损，导致关节疼痛和僵硬。

• Breakdown:

  • Osteo- (prefix): bone

  • Arthr- (root): joint

  • -itis (suffix): inflammation

2. Rheumatoid Arthritis

2. Rheumatoid Arthritis

• 中文： 类风湿关节炎

• Explanation: An autoimmune disease that causes chronic joint inflammation. The immune system attacks the body’s own joints. 是一种自身免疫性疾病，免疫系统错误地攻击关节，引起长期炎症、红肿和变形。

• Breakdown:

  • Rheumat- (root): joints or connective tissue

  • -oid (suffix): resembling

  • Arthr-itis: joint inflammation

3. Osteoporosis

3. Osteoporosis

• 中文： 骨质疏松

• Explanation: A condition where bones become thin and weak, increasing the risk of fractures. 骨密度降低、骨头变脆，容易骨折，常见于老年人或女性绝经后。

• Breakdown:

  • Osteo-: bone

  • -por: porous

  • -osis: abnormal condition

Scoliosis

4. Scoliosis

• 中文： 脊柱侧弯 侧zak1

• Explanation: A sideways curvature of the spine, most commonly developing during growth spurts before puberty. 脊柱向侧面弯曲，常见于儿童和青少年。

• Breakdown:

  • Scoli-: crooked

  • -osis: condition

Kyphosis /kai·fow·suhs/

5. Kyphosis

• 中文： 驼背 / 胸椎后凸

• Explanation: Excessive outward curve of the upper spine (thoracic region), causing a hunchback appearance. 背部上方异常凸起，导致驼背，多见于老年人或骨质疏松患者。

• Breakdown:

  • Kyph-: hump

  • -osis: abnormal condition

Lordosis

6. Lordosis

• 中文： 腰椎前凸

• Explanation: Excessive inward curve of the lower back (lumbar spine). 腰部向前弯曲过度，可能引起下背疼痛。

• Breakdown:

  • Lord-: curve

  • -osis: condition

Herniated Disc (Slipped Disc)

7. Herniated Disc (Slipped Disc)

• 中文： 椎间盘突出

• Explanation: Occurs when a spinal disc pushes out and compresses nearby nerves, leading to back pain, numbness, or weakness. 椎间盘的软组织突出并压迫神经，常见症状为腰痛、腿麻。

• Breakdown:

  • Hernia-: protrusion

  • Disc: spinal disc

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

8. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

• 中文： 腕管综合征

• Explanation: A condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist, leading to numbness, tingling, or weakness in the hand. 因腕部神经受压导致手麻、无力、刺痛，常见于长期重复手部动作的人群。

• Breakdown:

  • Carpal: wrist

  • Tunnel: passage

  • Syndrome: a group of symptoms

Bursitis

9. Bursitis

• 中文： 滑囊炎

• Explanation: Inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac near joints), often due to repetitive movement or pressure. 关节附近的滑囊发炎，导致疼痛和活动受限，常见于肩部、膝盖或肘部。

• Breakdown:

  • Burs-: bursa

  • -itis: inflammation

10. Gout

10. Gout

• 中文： 痛风

• Explanation: A form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in joints, often affecting the big toe. 由于体内尿酸积聚形成结晶，沉积在关节中引起剧烈疼痛，尤其常见于大脚趾。

• Breakdown:

  • From Latin gutta (drop), referencing the belief it was caused by drops of bad humors

1. Osteomyelitis

1. Osteomyelitis

• 中文： 骨髓炎 髓seoi5

• Explanation: A bacterial infection in the bone or bone marrow. It can spread from another part of the body or start after trauma or surgery. 由细菌引起的骨骼或骨髓感染，可因外伤、手术或其他感染传播导致。

• Breakdown:

  • Osteo- (prefix): bone

  • Myel- (root): marrow

  • -itis (suffix): inflammation

2. Septic Arthritis

2. Septic Arthritis

• 中文： 化脓性关节炎

• Explanation: A joint infection caused by bacteria or other pathogens, leading to rapid joint damage if untreated. 由细菌等病原体引起的关节感染，发展迅速，可能造成永久性关节损害。

• Breakdown:

  • Septic-: infection

  • Arthr-: joint

  • -itis: inflammation

3. Bone Abscess

3. Bone Abscess

• 中文： 骨脓肿 脓nung4

• Explanation: A collection of pus inside the bone caused by infection. 由于感染导致骨头内部形成脓液的囊肿，常伴随骨髓炎。

• Breakdown:

  • Abscess: from Latin abscessus, meaning "to go away" – refers to pus escaping

Osteosarcoma

4. Osteosarcoma

• 中文： 骨肉瘤

• Explanation: The most common type of malignant bone tumor, typically seen in teenagers and young adults. 最常见的恶性骨肿瘤，好发于青少年，常见部位为长骨如股骨。

• Breakdown:

  • Osteo-: bone

  • Sarc-: flesh or connective tissue

  • -oma: tumor

Chondrosarcoma

5. Chondrosarcoma

• 中文： 软骨肉瘤

• Explanation: A cancerous tumor of cartilage-producing cells, usually occurring in adults. 发生于软骨细胞的恶性肿瘤，主要影响成人，生长缓慢但有转移风险。

• Breakdown:

  • Chondro-: cartilage

  • Sarc-: flesh

  • -oma: tumor

Types of Fractures（骨折类型）

Closed Fracture

1. Closed Fracture

• 中文： 闭合性骨折

• Explanation: The bone is broken but does not pierce through the skin. 骨折未穿破皮肤，是最常见的类型之一。

Open Fracture (Compound Fracture)

2. Open Fracture (Compound Fracture)

• 中文： 开放性骨折 / 复合性骨折

• Explanation: The broken bone breaks through the skin, increasing the risk of infection. 骨头刺穿皮肤，常伴随严重出血与感染风险，需要紧急处理。

Transverse Fracture

3. Transverse Fracture

• 中文： 横向骨折

• Explanation: The break is straight across the bone, usually from a direct blow. 骨折线与骨轴垂直，通常由直接撞击造成。

Oblique Fracture

4. Oblique Fracture 斜ce4 形jing4

• 中文： 斜形骨折

• Explanation: The break runs diagonally across the bone. 骨折线呈斜角，常由间接或旋转性外力引起。

o·blique

/əˈblēk/

adjective

1. 1.

   neither parallel nor at a right angle to a specified or implied line; slanting.

Spiral Fracture

5. Spiral Fracture

• 中文： 螺旋形骨折

• Explanation: The bone has been twisted apart, causing a spiral pattern. 由于肢体扭转导致的骨折，骨折线呈螺旋状。

Comminuted Fracture

6. Comminuted Fracture

• 中文： 粉碎性骨折

• Explanation: The bone is broken into 3 or more pieces. 骨头碎成多段，常见于严重创伤或交通事故中。

Greenstick Fracture

7. Greenstick Fracture

• 中文： 青枝骨折

• Explanation: The bone bends and cracks on one side but doesn’t break completely—common in children. 骨头像青枝条一样弯曲断裂但未完全折断，仅发生在儿童身上。

Compression Fracture

8. Compression Fracture

• 中文： 压缩性骨折

• Explanation: The bone collapses or is crushed, usually seen in the spine. 多见于椎骨，在骨质疏松患者中尤为常见。

Avulsion Fracture

9. Avulsion Fracture

• 中文： 撕脱性骨折

• Explanation: A fragment of bone is pulled off by a tendon or ligament. 肌腱或韧带拉断一小块骨头，常见于运动损伤。

Impacted Fracture

10. Impacted Fracture 嵌ham3 插caap3 性sing3

• 中文： 嵌插性骨折

• Explanation: The broken ends of the bone are driven into each other. 骨折端互相嵌入，多见于长骨，如股骨。

Pathological Fracture

11. Pathological Fracture

• 中文： 病理性骨折

• Explanation: A fracture caused by weakened bone due to disease (e.g. osteoporosis, cancer). 由于基础疾病使骨骼脆弱而发生的骨折。

Stress Fracture

12. Stress Fracture

• 中文： 应力性骨折 / 疲劳性骨折

• Explanation: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive force, often in athletes. 长时间重复负重导致的微小裂缝，常见于跑步者、小腿或足部。

Reduction (Med)

In a medical context, "reduction" typically refers to realignment or restoration of a body part to its normal position, such as a fractured bone or a dislocated joint, and can be achieved through either closed or open methods. 

1. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)

1. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)

• 中文： 开放复位内固定术

• Explanation: A surgery to realign a broken bone and secure it with metal rods, plates, or screws. 通过切开皮肤复位骨折并用金属器械固定，常用于严重骨折。

• Breakdown:

  • Reduction = re-alignment of bone

  • Fixation = stabilization using hardware

2. Closed Reduction

2. Closed Reduction

• 中文： 闭合复位术

• Explanation: A non-surgical procedure to manually align a broken bone without opening the skin. 在不切开皮肤的情况下手动将骨折对齐，通常配合石膏或夹板固定。

3. Arthroscopy

• 中文： 关节镜检查（术）

• Explanation: A minimally invasive surgery using a small camera to view and treat joint problems. 使用关节镜通过小切口检查和处理关节内部问题，如膝盖或肩膀。

• Breakdown:

  • Arthro-: joint

  • -scopy: to look/examine

4. Joint Replacement (Arthroplasty)

4. Joint Replacement (Arthroplasty)

• 中文： 关节置换术

• Explanation: Surgical procedure to replace a damaged joint with an artificial implant. 用人工假体替换受损关节，最常见的是髋关节和膝关节置换。

• Breakdown:

  • Arthro-: joint

  • -plasty: surgical repair or reconstruction

5. Spinal Fusion

5. Spinal Fusion

• 中文： 脊柱融合术

• Explanation: A surgery to permanently join two or more vertebrae to eliminate motion and relieve pain. 将两个或多个脊椎骨融合在一起，用于治疗严重腰背痛或脊柱不稳。

6. Laminectomy

6. Laminectomy

• 中文： 椎板切除术

• Explanation: Removal of part of the vertebral bone (lamina) to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. 切除椎骨后部以减轻神经或脊髓受压，多用于椎管狭窄。

• Breakdown:

  • Lamin-: lamina (thin layer)

  • -ectomy: removal

7. Discectomy

7. Discectomy

• 中文： 椎间盘切除术

• Explanation: Surgical removal of part or all of a herniated disc that is pressing on a nerve. 移除压迫神经的椎间盘组织，常用于椎间盘突出引起的坐骨神经痛。

• Breakdown:

  • Disc-: spinal disc

  • -ectomy: removal

8. Bone Grafting

8. Bone Grafting

• 中文： 骨移植术

• Explanation: A procedure that uses transplanted bone to repair and rebuild diseased or damaged bones. 使用自体或异体骨组织填补骨缺损，促进骨愈合。

9. Tendon Repair

9. Tendon Repair

• 中文： 肌腱修复术

• Explanation: Surgery to repair a torn or ruptured tendon. 修复撕裂或断裂的肌腱，常见于跟腱或肩袖肌腱损伤。

10. External Fixation

10. External Fixation

• 中文： 外固定术

• Explanation: A method to stabilize bones using pins and rods attached outside the body. 在体外用金属支架固定骨折，适用于复杂或污染伤口的骨折。

11. Amputation

11. Amputation

• 中文： 截肢术

• Explanation: Surgical removal of a limb or part of a limb due to trauma or severe disease. 因严重感染、创伤或肿瘤而进行的肢体部分切除手术。

3. Post-Op Rehabilitation Terms（术后康复相关术语）

English
Physical therapy
Range of motion
Weight bearing
Crutches / walker
Ice and elevation
Stitches / staples removal

English	中文
Physical therapy	物理治疗
Range of motion	关节活动度
Weight bearing	承重
Crutches / walker	拐杖 / 助行器
Ice and elevation	冰敷和抬高患肢
Stitches / staples removal	拆线 / 拆钉

✅ 3. Interpreting for Pain Management（术后疼痛控制相关术语）

Important in orthopedics since many procedures are painful:

• Morphine / oxycodone

• Nerve block

• Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

• Morphine / oxycodone（吗啡 / 奥施康定） 吗maa1 啡fe1

• Nerve block（神经阻滞） 阻zo2 滞zai6

• Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)（病人自控镇痛）