Mumbai and international migration

What are some push factors in India that have led people from rural areas to migrate to more urban areas like mumbai?

Poor pay, many people living on just 12 rupees a day.

Awful living conditions

Income not reliable, crops can fail due to disease or bad harvests.

Government corruption, (some villages demanded to pay 3000-4000 dollars just for mains electricity)

Lack of basic necessities like electricity and water.

What are some pull factors in India to live in large urban areas like Mumbai?

Better job opportunities

Higher payment

Better living conditions

More reliable income

Basic necessities like electricity and water available

What are some social issues of rural to urban migration in India? (Dharavi)

Most areas lack proper sanitation

People share homes

500 people share each toilet

Small shops thrive nearby

Industry here is largely illegal, untaxed and thriving

What are some social issues caused by rural to urban migration in Dharavi (factories)

15,000 factories operate in Dharavi, little use of space and cheap labour makes it inexpensive.

Almost no taxes so virtually all of the profits go to the business owner.

25% of workers live in these factories, awful conditions and little care for the workers, child labour is common

Schools are present in Dharavi and there is virtually no crime in Dharavi

What are some environmental issues in Dharavi?

Not enough water for everyone so water has to be rationed.

Contaminated water due to open sewage pipes

Waste left lying around

What is high wage international migration?

Oligarchs (rich business leader with political influence) and other wealthy or highly skilled individuals are welcomed by countries due to this wealth and skills.

Oligarchs in particular have moved to London, largely due to the knowledge based economy here, giving it good access to new technologies.

What are the costs and benefits on London of this high wage migration?

2013, foreign buyers responsible for 82% of property deals in London, increased demand rises prices and outprices native Londoners.

Oligarchs and the elite do however bring investment into London

What are low wage international migrants?

People who do not have a lot of wealth and skills and usually move to global hubs legally or illegally in order to send remittances home to their families.

How have low wage Indian migrants moved to the UAE?

2 million Indians live in the United Arab Emirates making up 30% of the population.

Estimated $15 billion annually is returned to India as remittances

only 1/5th of migrants are working as professionals in service based industries

many other migrants working in manufacturing etc

How have Filipino workers moved to Saudi Arabia?

Since 1973 around 1.5 million Filipino migrants have arrived in Saudi Arabia

Some of the migrants work in industries such as construction or as doctors

Philippines receives $7 billion annually via remittances, reports of ill treatment of some migrants.