Fundamentals 1 Exam 1 Study Guide

What are the two categories of cells?

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Which category of cells has membrane bound organelles?

eukaryotic

Which category of cells does not have membrane bound organelles?

prokaryotic

Which category of cells does has a nucleus?

eukaryotic

Which category of cells does not have a nucleus?

prokaryotic

Which category of cells is more complex?

eukaryotic

What are the 3 Domains of organismal organization (Linnaean system)?

- Bacteria

- Archaea

- Eukaryota

Which organismal domain(s) contains prokaryotes?

Bacteria & Archaea

Which organismal domain(s) contains eukaryotes?

Eukaryota

Human pathogens can be:

a. Prokaryotic

b. Eukaryotic

c. viruses

d. All above

d. All above

What are the 6 Kingdoms of organismal organization (Linnaean system)?

Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Protista

Which cell type is in the kingdom eubacteria?

prokaryotic

Which cell type is in the kingdom archaebacteria?

prokaryotic

Which cell type is in the kingdom animalia?

eukaryotic

Which cell type is in the kingdom plantae?

eukaryotic

Which cell type is in the kingdom fungi?

eukaryotic

Which cell type is in the kingdom protista?

eukaryotic

What 4 things do all cells have?

- DNA

- Cytosol

- Ribosomes

- Plasma Membrane

Prokaryotes generally have a _______________ cell wall.

thick

What characteristic of prokaryotes are they classified by?

cell wall

What are the general 4 internal characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

- no membrane bound organelles

- nucleoid

- ribosomes

- granules/storage compartments

What are the general 3 external characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

- cell wall

- flagella

- pili

What does the word "eukaryote" mean?

true nucleus

What are the 2 main functions of the plasma membrane?

- selective barrier

- surface for biochemical reactions

Plant cell walls are made of _____.

cellulose

Fungal cell walls are made of _____.

chitin

Bacterial cell walls are made of _____.

peptidoglycan

Yeast grows as a __________ cell to form multiple ____________.

single; colonies

What color do Gram + bacteria dye?

purple

What color do Gram - bacteria dye?

pink

Do gram + or - bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer?

gram +

Do gram - or gram + bacteria have two lipid bilayers that surround its peptidoglycan layer?

gram -

Which type of tissue is more closely connected:

a. critical organ

b. connective

a. critical organ

What are the three parts of the cytoskeleton?

- Intermediate filaments (IF)

- Microtubules (MT)

- Actin Filament/microfilament (AF)

What is generally referred to as the "scaffolding" of the cell?

Intermediate filaments (IF)

What is generally referred to as the "highway" of the cell?

Microtubules (MT)

What major function are actin filaments (AF) involved in?

Movement of the cell

What are the 5 main functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

- Support

- Adhesion

- Movement

- Regulation

- Communication

What are the 4 protein based components of the ECM?

- Collagen

- Elastic fibers

- Proteoglycans/Hyaluronic Acid

- Adhesive proteins

What is the overall function of collagen?

Integrity of body

What is the overall function of elastic fibers?

elasticity

What is the overall function of adhesive proteins?

allow communication between outside and inside of cell

What integral protein interacts with fibronectin, an adhesive protein, to communicate inside of the cell to the outside of the cell?

Integrin

What is fibronectin connected to throughout this process?

collagen

What are the two types of cellular communication?

- direct

- indirect

What is an example of direct cellular communication?

antigen presentation in immune system

What is an example of indirect cellular communication?

cytokine release

What are the three types of indirect cellular communication?

- Autocrine

- Paracrine/local

- Endocrine

At the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters are usually at a [higher/lower] concentration because they have to travel a [far/short] distance.

higher; short

What type of indirect communication is this an example of:

At the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters are usually at a higher concentration because they have to travel a short distance.

paracrine/local

When Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) reaches the ovaries, it is at a [higher/lower] concentration because it traveled a [far/short] distance.

lower; far

What type of indirect communication is this an example of:

When Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) reaches the ovaries, it is at a lower concentration because it traveled a far distance.

endocrine

The outcome of cellular communication fully depends on the specific _____ available.

receptors

What are the 8 types of ligands?

- Proteins

- Lipids/Nucleic Acids

- Carbohydrates/glycoproteins-lipids

- ECM components

- Growth factors

- Hormones/steroids

- Neurotransmitters

- Gases (NO/CO)

Antibodies are an example of a __________________.

receptor

Ligand & Receptor correspondence causes the cell to be _______________ in function or activation.

changed

What are the 6 main types of receptors?

- G-protein coupled Receptor

- Receptor tyrosine kinase

- Receptor guanylyl cyclase

- Gated ion channel

- Adhesion receptor (integrin)

- Nuclear receptor

What is a second messenger?

A small molecule within cells that carries a signal

second messenger example molecules

cAMP and cGMP

Which receptors immediately make a second messenger?

- G-protein coupled Receptor

- Receptor tyrosine kinase

What is the major end product of any signal transduction pathway?

To induce or reduce the transcription of a certain gene to be translated into a certain protein that carries out a certain function

In prokaryotic cells, signal transduction pathways are commonly the result of the administration of an _____________________.

antibiotic

Signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells are important to understand for what discipline of medicine?

pharmacology

Viruses can be stopped by administering certain ____________________________.

Signal transduction pathways.

What makes cells differ?

gene expression

What are the three very general similarities of all cells?

- central dogma (dna to rna to protein)

- metabolism

- compartmentalization (polarity)

Lipids generally move _______________________ across the plasma membrane.

transversely

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

- integral proteins

- peripheral proteins

Do plants have cholesterol in their plasma membrane?

no

Lipid rafts serve as ___________________ platforms.

signaling

[K+] is __________________ inside the cell.

high

[Na+] is ___________________ inside the cell.

low

[Ca++] is _______________ inside the cell.

low

Channels are _____________ specific.

ion

What are the two types of ion channels?

- Voltage gated

- Ligand gated

If a channel is opened, an ion goes with its __________________________________________

concentration gradient

Is an ATPase a pump?

yes

Pumps __________________ ATP to perform function.

hydrolyze

Can receptors have enzymatic properties?

yes

Put the following proteins in order from closest to farthest from the PM going away from the cell in their linkage

Integrin, fibronectin, collagen

What is integrin an example of?

linker protein

Cell junction proteins are examples of __________________ proteins.

structural

Wherever there is a pump, there is also a __________________________.

channel

The nucleus has a ________________ membrane system.

double

What is made in the nucleolus?

- rRNA

- ribosomes

What are the 5 types of proteins in the nucleus?

- Histones

- Fibrous proteins

- ribosomes

- replication factors

- transcription factors

What does the nuclear lamina do?

Supports the nucleus

The nucleus shares some of its outer membrane with the __________________.

endoplasmic reticulum

Can heterochromatin be used for transcription?

no

Can euchromatin be used for transcription?

yes

Is heterochromatin or euchromatin looser in structure?

euchromatin

What special protein is in the nuclear envelope?

Nuclear pore complex

What can pass through the nuclear pore complex?

- Small ions

- larger tagged molecules.

Can RNA pass through the NPC on its own?

No, it has to pass as a ribonuclear protein.

What GTPase gives energy to the NPC?

ran

Ribosomal genes are made in the _____ then shipped to the _____ to ____ ribosomal proteins and then these proteins are shipped back into the ___ to get to the ____ to be assembled with _____.

Nucleolus, cytosol, translate, nucleus, nucleolus, rRNA.

What is the functional unit of Euchromatin?

nucleosome

What protein is in the core of euchromatin?

histone

What is the function of a histone?

DNA packaging

What are the steps of the cell cycle?

- G1/Interphase

- S

- G2

- M