ENVI 101 Exam 1 Review

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/106

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

107 Terms

1
New cards

What is the tragedy of the commons?

the tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self-interest for short-term gain

2
New cards

What is the formula to evaluate human impact on the environment and what does each letter stand for?

I=PxAxT

P: population size

A: affluence

T: technology development

3
New cards

Define sustainable development

Development of an economic system that uses natural resources in ways that do not deplete them or otherwise compromise their availability to future generations

4
New cards

Name some examples of sustainable development

Solar and wind power, recycling, regenerative agriculture, less consumption as a society (for example fast fashion is a huge contributor to consumption)

5
New cards

Define ecosystem services

Natural services provided by healthy ecosystems that support life and human economies at no cost to us

Ex: sun provides warmth, trees provide clean air

6
New cards

Define Science

The systematic examination of the structure and functioning of the natural world, including both its physical and biological attributes

7
New cards

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Observation

Question

Hypothesis or Prediction

Experiment or Observation

Conclusion

Report Findings

8
New cards

Define hypothesis

A testable explanation for an observation

9
New cards

Define data

Information/measurements collected

10
New cards

Define sample size

Number of observations

11
New cards

Define sum

Total of your measurements

12
New cards

Define mean

Average

13
New cards

Define standard deviation

How much the actual measurements deviate from the average

14
New cards

Define scientific theory

Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations

15
New cards

What is the peer review process?

1. author submits

2. assessed by editor (reject)

3. sent to reviewers

4. reviews assessed by editor (reject and revisions required)

5. accepted

6. production

7. publication

16
New cards

Define matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space (solid, liquid, gas)

17
New cards

Define element

Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions (Helium, hydrogen, etc)

18
New cards

Define compound

Substances that contain two or more elements (Table Salt NaCl)

19
New cards

What is a proton?

Positively charged particle found in the nucleus

20
New cards

What is a neutron?

A particle that has no charge and that is inside the nucleus

21
New cards

What is an electron?

A negatively charged subatomic particle outside the nucleus

22
New cards

Define atomic number

The total number of protons

23
New cards

Define mass number

The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

24
New cards

Define isotype

Elements that exist in different forms that have the same #of protons but different mass # due to a difference in electrons

25
New cards

Define ion

Atoms or molecules that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing an electron

26
New cards

Define molecule

Two or more atoms of the same or different elements joined by chemical bonds

27
New cards

Define organic molecule

Carbon-based molecules- 2 or more carbons

28
New cards

What is a carbohydrate?

Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ration of 1:2:1 respectively

29
New cards

What is a lipid?

Fats and oils that store a large amount of energy and are hydrophobic

30
New cards

What is a protein?

A chain of amino acids

31
New cards

What is a nucleic acid?

Store information and provide instructions to build the protein

32
New cards

Define energy

Energy is defined as the ability to do work

33
New cards

What is kinetic energy?

Energy of motion (ex: flowing water, electricity)

34
New cards

What is potential energy?

Stored energy (ex: molecules in food, water behind a dam)

35
New cards

What is the first law of thermodynamics/law of conservation of energy?

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

36
New cards

What is energy efficiency?

Measure of how much work results from each unit of energy put into a system

37
New cards

Define trophic level

Feeding level based on source of nutrients

38
New cards

What are the trophic levels?

Producer, (plants) primary consumer (herbivores), secondary consumer (carnivores and omnivores), tertiary consumer (carnivores)

39
New cards

Describe the process of photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O------> photosynthesis ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2

40
New cards

What is cellular respiration?

Turns stored chemical energy from food into energy to perform life processes

41
New cards

How does energy travel through the trophic levels?

Plants take in solar energy through photosynthesis, consumers eat the plants, other consumers eat those consumers, decomposers break down the leftovers, which releases chemical nutrients, which turn into heat

42
New cards

natural selection

process where individuals with certain genetic traits are more likely to survive and reproduce under a specific set of environmental conditions

43
New cards

population

group of individuals if same species in a specific time and place

44
New cards

gene pool

collection of alleles in a population at one time

45
New cards

allele

form of a gene

46
New cards

gene

segment of DNA strand

47
New cards

genotype

genetic code of trairs; series of nucleotides

48
New cards

phenotype

an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

49
New cards

Mutation

change in coded information in the DNA

50
New cards

Adapatation

acquisition of traits that are determined by natural selection

51
New cards

ecological niche

a way to group species together

52
New cards

two types of ecological niches

generalists and specialists

53
New cards

endemic species

often also referred to as specialists - can only survive in a particular area - vulnerable/prone to extinction

54
New cards

resource partioning

organisms with overlapping ecological niches have to share same environment and adapt to limited food sources

55
New cards

indicator species

species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged as they are senstive to environmetnal conditions and vulnerable to atmospheric pollution

56
New cards

species diversity

number and abundance of species in an ecosystenm

57
New cards

species diversity is assed by

species richness and species evenness

58
New cards

types of species interactions

competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, predation, parasitsm, herbivory

59
New cards

keystone species

A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

60
New cards

ecosystem engineers

a keystone species that creates or maintains habitat for other species

61
New cards

coevolution

process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other and is exemplified by predator defenses

62
New cards

prey defenses examples

warning coloration, mimicry, cyrptic coloration, flashing coloration, chemical defenses

63
New cards

primary productivity

rate of biomass production through photosynthesis

64
New cards

high primary productivity in

swamps mashes and estuaries

65
New cards

low primary productivity in

deserts

66
New cards

Tropical rainforest

biome near the equator with warm climate wet weather and lush plant growth; high temperature and high rainfall

67
New cards

tropical seasonal forest

biome characterized by deciduous and evergreen trees, both dry and rainy seasons

68
New cards

tropical savanna and grasslands

mostly grass, warm temperature, minimal rainfall, occasional rainy seasons

69
New cards

desert

An extremely dry area with little water and few plants, nocturnal animals, leathery leaved plants

70
New cards

temperate grassland

biome characterized by deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species; midlatitude and mild

71
New cards

temperate shrubland

biome characterized by lots of shrubs with hot and dry summers, cooler winters with virtually all precipitation in the winter

72
New cards

temperate forest

biome dominated by a lot of rainfall, often found in northeast, coniferous and deciduous trees

73
New cards

boreal forest

biome south of the tundra with dense evergreen forests and long, cold, dry winters; dominating coniferous; northern, slow growing

74
New cards

arctic tundra

a biome characterized by low average temperatures, brief growing seasons, high latitude and cold temperatures, intense burst of growth in vegetation, photosynthetic 3 months out of year

75
New cards

alpine tundra

biome at high mountain altitudes, which has vegetation low to the ground due to severe temperatures and wind and uv radiation & short intense growing seasons - air pollution/nitrous oxide more impactful here

76
New cards

ecological succesion

gradual change in a species composition over time in a given area

77
New cards

primary succession

succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous life is present

78
New cards

secondary succesion

succession that occurs in an area where there was previous life forms but it underwent a disturbance

79
New cards

genetic drift

gradual changes in gene frequencies due to random events

80
New cards

metapopulation

a collection of populations that have regular or occasional gene flow between geographically separate units

81
New cards

Gene flow

movement of alleles from one population to another; can exist due to corridors and migration routes and is cause for evolution

82
New cards

bottleneck effect

when a population, and its genetic diversity, are dramatically reduced by a catastrophic event

83
New cards

density dependent factors

depend on population size such as predation, disease, competition for food and water

84
New cards

density-indepedent factors

factors that dont depend on population size such as change in temperatures or habitat destruction

85
New cards

r strategist

produce many offspring, but provide few resources for them

86
New cards

k strategist

produce few offspring but invest in considerable resources for their support

87
New cards

type 1 survivorship curve

most die later in life

88
New cards

type 2 survivorship curve

all die at uniform rate

89
New cards

tyoe 3 survivorship curve

most die early in life or at a young age

90
New cards

genetic diversity

variety of genes within a population or species

91
New cards

environmental health

looks at external factors that cause disease including elements of the sociocultural and technical world

92
New cards

disease

any abnormal change in the body's condition that impairs important physical or physiological function

93
New cards

zoonotic diseases

disease passed form wild animals to humans such as covid, ebola, influenza

94
New cards

antibiotic resistance

the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic due to a mutation, mutation will be a trait passed on to future generations

95
New cards

environmental toxicology

the study of toxic substances and their impact on living organisms as well as. how they interact and are transfomred as they move through individuals and ecosystems

96
New cards

two types of response to exposure

acute and chronic

97
New cards

acute

sudden and short term exposure, more severe, one time occurrence

98
New cards

chronic

gradual and long term exposure, repeated, long lasting

99
New cards

bioaccumulation

refers to the increased concentration of a contaminant within the tissue of a specific organism

100
New cards

biomagnification

refers to increased concentration of a contaminant as trophic levels increase