Anatomy Lecture Ch. 26 FLUIDS and ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

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40

How much is total body water in L?

60

What percentage of body weight is total body water?

intracellular

What is the term for the fluid inside of cells?

extracellular

What is the term for the fluid outside of cells?

40

What percentage of body weight is intracellular fluid?

20

What percentage of body weight is extracellular fluid?

interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, CSF, synovial fluid

What are the sub compartments of extracellular fluid?

interstitial fluid

What is the term for the fluid directly outside of the cell?

Na

What is the major cation in extracellular fluid?

Cl

What is the major anion in extracellular fluid?

K

What is the major cation in intracellular fluid?

proteins or PO4

What is the major anion in intracellular fluid?

yes

If Na levels increase in extracellular fluid, is the cell more likely to depolarize? (yes or no)

cell membrane

What is the big barrier that separated intracellular and extracellular fluid?

proteins, larger molecules

What is within the intracellular fluid?

osmosis

How does water move in and out of the intracellular fluid?

equal

Should water input exceed, lack, or be equal to water output each day?

2500ml

What is the average water intake in one day?

drinking, food, internal metabolic pathways

How do we obtain water?

60

What percentage of our water intake comes from drinking water?

30

What percentage of our water intake comes from moist food?

10

What percentage of our water intake comes from internal metabolic pathways?

2500ml

What is the average water output in one day?

urine, feces, sweat, skin diffusion and lung evaporation (heat)

What are the main ways we lose water?

60

What percentage of our water is lost through urine?

4

What percentage of our water is lost through feces?

8

What percentage of our water is lost through sweat?

28

What percentage of our water is lost through skin diffusion and lung evaporation (heat)?

hypothalamus (near third ventricle)

Where is the thirst center in our body?

plasma osmolality

What is the term for how salty our blood is?

increased plasma osmolality or blood volume drops

What trigger the thirst mechanism?

osmoreceptors

What type of receptors in the hypothalamus are stimulated in the thirst mechanism?

dry mouth and thirst

What do the osmoreceptors cause in the body during the thirst mechanism?

drinking, stretch receptors in stomach and SI

What inhibits the osmoreceptors during the thirst mechanism?

dehydration, hypotonic hydration, edema

What are the three listed disordered of water balance?

dehydration

What type of water balance disorder is excessive water loss from the ECF and causes fluid to shift out of the ICF to try and balance it?

hypotonic hydration

What type of water balance disorder is when there is too much water is the ECF and it shifts into the ICF and causes the tissue to swell?

edema

What type of water balance disorder is excess accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space?

142

What is the concentration of Na ions outside of the cell in mEq/L?

aldosterone

Excretion of Na is largely controlled by what?

more

if aldosterone is absent, do we lose more or less Na into the urine?

dehydration

too much Na in the plasma would lead to dehydration or edema?

Hypernatremia

What is the clinical term for increased Na+ ions in the plasma?

Hypernatremia

Does hypernatremia or hyponatremia cause excitement and twitching?

too much aldosterone, hypertonic saline, dehydration

What causes Hypernatremia?

vomiting, diarrhea, burns, deficient aldosterone

What causes Hyponatremia?

depolarization

Does increased ECF K+ cause depolarization or hyper polarization of cell membranes?

hyperpolarization

Does decreased ECF K+ cause depolarization or hyper polarization of cell membranes?

hyperkalemia

What is the clinical term for increased K in the plasma?

hypokalemia

What is the clinical term for decreased K in the plasma?

decreased aldosterone, cell rupture

what causes hyperkalemia?

irritability followed by fatigue

What is the main symptoms of hyperkalemia?

increased aldosterone, reduced intake, GI problems

What causes hypokalemia?

hyperpolarization of cells and muscle weakness and mental confusion

Symptoms of hypokalemia

heart beat

What is calcium important for?

parathyroid hormone (and calcitonin a little)

What are Ca++ levels regulated by?

increase

Does increased PTH secretion increase or decrease blood Ca?

hypercalcemia

What is the clinical term for increased Ca++ ions in the plasma?

hypocalcemia

What is the clinical term for decreased Ca++ ions in the plasma?

too much vitamin D, hyperparathyroidism

What causes hypercalcemia?

low vitamin D, burns, nutritional

What causes hypocalcemia?

bone fractures, kidney stones, cardiac arrhythmias

symptoms of hypercalcemia?

depressed excitability of the heart, neuromuscular excitability, tetany

symptoms of hypocalcemia?

weak

Do strong or weak acids act as buffers?

7.35-7.45

Normal pH range for body

acidosis

What is the term for the body's pH drops below 7.35?

alkalosis

What is the term for the body's pH exceeds 7.45?

bicarbonate, phosphate, protein

What are the main chemical buffers we learned about?

bicarbonate

What is the most important chemical buffer system for extracellular fluid?

decrease

Does increased CO2 increase or decrease pH?

H2Co3

what molecule is marked as the bicarbonate buffer?

NaH2PO4

what molecule is marked as the phosphate buffer?

nephron

Where does the phosphate buffer system main work?

plasma

Where does the bicarbonate buffer system mainly work?

intracellular fluid

Where does the protein buffer system mainly work?

protein

What is the most important buffer system for intracellular fluid?

bicarbonate

The respiratory system regulation works with what chemical buffer system?

slower

Is the respiratory system regulation buffer fast or slower than chemical buffers?

more

If you eat acidic things, are you more likely to breathe more or less?

renal regulation

What is the ultimate acid-base regulatory system that is slow and acts in the kidneys?

35-45

What is the normal pCO2 in the plasma in mmHG?

22-26

What is the normal pHCO3 in the plasma in mEq/L?

respiratory acidosis

What is the most common cause of acidosis in the body?

acidosis

Shallow breathing causes acidosis or alkalosis?

hyperventilation and tumor

What are the two ways listed to get respiratory alkalosis?

diarrhea, renal failure, starvation, excessive alcohol intake

What symptoms are associated with metabolic acidosis?

decrease

Does metabolic acidosis cause an increase or decrease in bicarbonate ions?

vomiting or removing stomach contents, excessive bicarbonate intake

What symptoms are associated with metabolic alkalosis?

kidneys

If the cause of the pH imbalance in the body is respiratory, what will try and compensate?

respiratory system

If the cause of the pH imbalance in the body is metabolic, what will try and compensate?

mEq/L

What unit is the measure of electrical charges per liter?

amount of solutes and amount of water

What two major factors determine osmolality?

into

Does hydrostatic pressure pull water into or out of the cell?

out

Does osmotic (oncotic) pressure pull water into or out of the cell?

increase

Does more solutes in a solution increase or decrease osmotic pressure?

lose water and ingest excess electrolytes

What are the two ways in the powerpoint to raise osmolality of the ECF?

aldosterone

How is sodium regulated in the body?

aldosterone

How is potassium regulated in the body?

PTH

How is calcium regulated in the body?

acid

What type of molecule would it be if there were higher concentrations of H+ than -OH?