Biology 1403 exam 1 ttu

What is a double stranded molecule of DNA called?

chromosome

Where is DNA located

in the nucleus of a all cells

What is the complimentary strand of DNA for G (guanine)

C, cytosine

In a nucleotide, what is attached in the 3' carbon in deoxyribose?

A hydroxyl group (OH)

To which carbon in deoxyribose is the phosphate group attached?

5'

Which of the following statements about the orientation of DNA strands is true?

The 5' end of one strand is next to the 3' end of the other

What does it mean to say that polymerization proceeds 5' to 3'

DNA polymerase always adds nucleotides onto the 3' end of a DNA strand

How many number of hydrogen bonds are in the AT base pair?

2

How many number of hydrogen bonds are in the GC base pair?

3

How many bases are in a DNA

4 bases

What are the four bases in a DNA

Adenine - A

Cytosine - C

Guanine - G

Thymine - T

What are the purines?

Two Purines are A and G

What are pyrimidines?

Two pyrimidines T and C

What are the pairs in DNA

In a DNA a purine always pairs with pyrimidine and vice versa.

what are the five known nucleotides

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil

Antiparallel strands of a DNA molecule means that

The phosphate groups at the start of two DNA strands are in oppose position/directions.

Which base pair bond is stronger and why?

GC because they have more hydrogen bonds

What convention is used in writing a DNA sequence

Sequence of bases are written from 5' to 3'

What happens with Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds form between complementary bases, and hold the two strands of DNA together.

How does RNA differ from DNA?

RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine.

What is the sugar in RNA's nucleotides

Ribose

What does a ribose have?

A hydroxyl group and attached to its 2' carbon atom

What are the three phases of interphase

G1, S, G2

What is the purpose of interphase?

Cell growth and prepare for cell division

What happens in G1

Accumulating building blocks of DNA and energy resources for DNA replication

What happens in S phase?

DNA replication (synthesis)

What happens in G2?

cell replenishes its energy and ensures that DNA has been replicated correctly.

What's the purpose of P53?

Detects DNA damage, turns another gene when DNA damage is noticed called p21

What is the order of the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, M

What is the mitotic phase?

a process during which the duplicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into two new identical daughter cells.

What is mitosis

the process of nuclear division. Identical copies of chromosomes separate into two separate nuclei within a single cell.

What is cytokinesis?

when cell division is completed via the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells

what is cytokinesis known as

cell motion and the second main stage of mitotic phase.

During what phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell?

Anaphase

What is the primary feature that distinguishes somatic cells from germline cells in terms of their genome?

Somatic cells have multiple copies of each gene

when does the cell replicate its DNA

before mitosis

how are the four replicated chromosomes shared between the daughter cells?

each daughter cell receives half of each chromosome

how many DNA molecules are in a cell at the start of mitosis? (before cytokinesis)

92

what happens in prophase?

chromosomes condense as DNA coils

what happens in prometaphase?

the nuclear envelope dissolves. spindles attach to chromosomes.

what happens at telophase/cytokinesis?

the cell membrane pinches inwards forming two individual daughter cells.

what happens at metaphase?

chromosomes moved to the midline of the cell by the spindle attachments.

what happens at anaphase?

sister chromatids split and move to either pole

how many sister chromatids are passed on to each daughter cell?

46

what is the order of mitosis?

condense DNA, dissolve nuclear envelope, separate sister chromatids, cytokinesis