HIST 111 Second Midterm

Eastern Orthodox Christians

Christians in the Eastern Church centered in Constantinople; emphasize tradition, liturgy, and continuity

East/West Division

The split between Eastern (Greek-speaking) and Western (Latin-speaking) Christianity that led to separation

Icon

A sacred religious image used in worship in Eastern Christianity

Seven Ecumenical Councils

Early church councils (325-787) that defined core Christian doctrines

Patriarch

A leading bishop in the Eastern Church

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire centered in Constantinople; preserved Greek/Roman culture and Orthodox Christianity

Great Western Schism

Period (1378-1417) when multiple popes claimed authority in the Catholic Church

Erasmus

Humanist scholar who criticized church abuses but stayed Catholic

Martin Luther

German monk who started the Protestant Reformation

Justification By Faith

Belief that salvation comes through faith alone, not works

Indulgences

Payments to reduce punishment for sins

95 Theses

Luther's 1517 document criticizing indulgences

Catholic Reformation

Reform within Catholic Church

Magisterial Reformation

Luther, Calvin (worked with government)

Radical Reformation

Wanted complete separation (e.g. Anabaptists)

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer; symbolic view of communion

Anabaptists

Radical reformers who believed in adult baptism

Menno Simons

Leader of Anabaptists; Mennonite founder

John Calvin

Protestant reformer; emphasized God's sovereignty

Predestination

God has already chosen who will be saved

Henry VII

English king who created the Church of England

Elizabeth I

Established Protestant England (Elizabethan Settlement)

Puritan

English Protestants wanting to "purify" the Church of England

Ignatius of Loyola/Jesuits

Catholic reformers focused on education and missions

Council of Trent

Catholic response to Reformation; reformed abuses and clarified doctrine

Robert Di Nobili

Missionary to India who adapted to local culture

Matteo Ricci

Jesuit missionary who engaged Chinese culture and elites

Mayan/Aztec Religion

Indigenous religions with rituals, polytheism, and sacrifice

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Priest who defended Native Americans' rights

Thirty Years War

Devastating European religious war (1618-1648)

Treaty of Westphalia, 1648

Ended war; established state sovereignty and religious tolerance

Protestant Scholasticism

Systematic Protestant theology using logic

TULIP

5 Calvin doctrines

Enlightenment

Movement emphasizing reason over tradition

Deism

Belief in a distant creator who doesn't intervene

Pietism

Movement emphasizing personal faith and devotion

Count Zinzedorf

Leader of Moravians; promoted missionary work

Moravians

Protestant group focused on missions and community

John Wesley

Founder of Methodism

Methodists

Movement emphasizing personal holiness and discipline

Puritans

Religious settlers seeking to build a godly society

First Great Awakening

1730s-40s revival emphasizing emotional faith

Jonathan Edwards

Key preacher of First Great Awakening

Second Great Awakening

1800s revival focused on conversion and reform

Cane Ridge Revival

Massive revival meeting in Kentucky (1801)

First Amendment

Guarantees religious freedom in the U.S.

African Traditional Religions

Indigenous African spiritual systems

"Master's Christianity"

Version of Christianity taught by slave owners

"Slave's Christianity"

Adapted Christianity focused on hope and freedom

Concealed Church

Secret worship meetings of enslaved people

Spirituals

Religious songs expressing faith and resistance

Richard Allen

Founder of Black Methodist movement

African Methodist Episcopal Church

First independent Black denomination in the U.S.

19th-Century Imperialism (Neo-colonialism)

Expansion of European control over other regions

David Livingstone

Missionary/explorer in Africa

James Hudson Taylor

Missionary to China who adapted to local culture

Westernizing Missionaries

Imposed Western culture along with Christianity

Contextualizing Missionaries

Adapted Christianity to local cultures

William Wade Harris

African evangelist who led mass conversions

Independent African Churches

African-led Christian movements

East India Tea Company

British trading company influencing Asia

Sundar Singh

Indian Christian missionary

Keshub Chundar Sen

Indian reformer blending Christianity and Hindu ideas

The Opium War

Conflict between Britain and China over trade

The Taiping Rebellion

Massive Chinese rebellion influenced by Christianity

The Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China

Zhao Zi-chen

Chinese Christian theologian

Watchman Nee

Chinese church leader emphasizing local churches

Chinese Communist Revolution

1949 revolution establishing communist rule in China; restricted religion