specialized structure inside a cell that has a specific function
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ATP
usable form of energy for cells/organisms
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production
to make or build
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osmosis
movement of water through a membrane
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host cell
the cell that a virus attaches to, infects, and uses to make more of itself
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viral replication
process in which a virus uses a host cell to make more of itself
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antibodies
molecule that the immune system produces to help destroy pathogens like viruses that infect the body
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viral attachment
Occurs when the shape-specific proteins projecting from a virus attach to host cell proteins; this attachment allows the virus to enter a cell.
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immune system
This system protects the body from pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. Its immune cells destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
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lytic
A type of viral infection that has a very rapid onset of symptoms; this is because this type of virus enters a host cell and immediately begins to replicate.
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lysogenic
type of viral infection that has a very slow onset of symptoms because the viral DNA hides
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genetic material
Molecules that carry genetic information including DNA and RNA; genetic material is found in all types of cells AND viruses.
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prokaryote
Type of cell with DNA NOT contained in a nucleus; this type of cell has no organelles.
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eukaryote
Type of cell with DNA contained in a nucleus; this type of cell has organelles.
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replicate
to make copies of
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chromosome
structure of tightly wound or supercoiled DNA found in the nucleus
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daughter cells
genetically identical cells that result from the division of a parent cell
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division
separation into parts
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spindle fibers
rod-like protein structures that move chromosomes during mitosis
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prophase
the first stage of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope dissolves and chromosomes and spindle fibers form
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metaphase
the second stage of mitosis during which chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell as they become attached to the spindle fibers
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anaphase
the third stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are pulled to the poles of the cell by the spindle fibers
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telophase
the final stage of mitosis during which nuclei re-form in each of the daughter cells
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cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm at the end of mitosis
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DNA
the nucleic acid found in the nucleus of cells that transmits genetic information
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double helix
the shape of DNA that looks like a twisted ladder
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nucleotide
the repeating component of nucleic acids made of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base
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nitrogenous bases
molecules that include nitrogen and pair with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder
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phosphate group
a molecule that is a component of the backbone of DNA
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deoxyribose sugar
a molecule that is a component of the backbone of DNA
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hydrogen bond
a type of bond formed between nitrogenous bases to form the rungs of the DNA ladder
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complementary
describes how nitrogenous bases pair, that is with a specific molecule that completes the ladder’s rungs
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sequence
the order of nitrogenous bases in a DNA strand
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traits
characteristics of an organism
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taxonomy
the way organisms are identified, classified, and scientifically named
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classification
putting into categories according to similarities
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hierarchy
a way to organize groups where there is an order or there are levels
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specific
related to a very particular, precise thing
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inclusive
including many or all
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population
a group of organisms of the same species
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related
being in the same group because of similarities or shared characteristics
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characteristic
a trait that helps to identify, describe, or distinguish
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common/shared
more than one organism having a particular characteristic
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dichotomous
dividing into two parts
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function
the job or role of a specific thing
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structure
the way something is arranged or organizedto give strength and support
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enzyme
molecules that speed up reaction rates in organisms
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component
part of a whole
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storage
to keep or hold for later use
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transport
to move something from one place to another
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phospholipids
type of lipid that makes the double-layered cell membrane of all cells
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nutrition
obtaining the nutrients necessary for growth and development
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molecule
group of atoms bonded together that serves a particular function
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glucose
energy molecule that can easily be converted into a type of energy called ATP that cells can use
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interactions
communication or direct involvement with another part of an organism or ecosystem
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enzyme
molecules that speed up reaction rates in organisms, especially in digestion
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signal
a sign (usually a nerve impulse or chemical) that communicates a message to another location in the body
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hormone
chemical messenger produced for communication in an organism
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receptor
part of a cell or organ that receives a message from the endocrine or nervous systems
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stimulate
to cause a response
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nutrients
substances, mostly from foods, that are necessary for growth and development
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exchange
to trade one substance for another
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directly
in a direct line or manner
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absorption
the transfer of substances into cells, tissues, or organs
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circulatory system
key structures (organs): arteries, veins, heart
main function: transport oxygen and nutrients to cells; transport carbon dioxide and waste from cells; helps regulate body temperature
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integumentary system
key structure: skin
main functions: protection from injury and invaders; helps regulate temperature
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respiratory system
key structure: lungs
main function: gas exchange (take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide)
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digestive system
key structures: stomach, intestines, accessory organs such as the gall bladder and pancreas
main functions: take in, break down, and absorption of nutrients
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skeletal system
key structures: bones
main functions: provides for movement at joints; protection of organs; storage of minerals; production of blood cells