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Study: Lab experiment
Ross, et al. (1977)
Game show, fundamental attribution error
Kendler, et al. (2006)
role of genetics playing in major depressive disorder (twin study)
Study: Correlational study
Study: self report interview and questionnaire
Buss (1989)
showing that male look for fertile females, females look for men that can support offspring
Study: Observation
Festinger (1954)
case study
covert participant field naturalistic
cognitive dissonance on doomsday
Study: Case study
Scoville & Milner (1957)
Corkin (1997)
HM
Aim of Ross et al.
test whether knowledge of allocated social roles in a quiz show would affect the participants’ judgments of expertise
hyp: questioners - more knowledgeable rating
ross et al - iv, dv
confounding variable
iv conditions
experimental group: questions made
control group: given
dv - rating scale for knowledge
confounding: participant variability - appearance, confidence level
results of Ross et al
situational advantage that questioners can make own q —> higher knowledge ratings (fundamental attribution error)
Evaluation of Ross et al
ethics
P: control extraneous v - regulate communication
replicable
L: low ecological validity and mundane realism
low population validity - sample = intro class at Stanford
participant protection: mental stress
deception/not fully informed of true aim
fundamental attribution error
when people overestimate personality traits (dispositional factors) in actors when explaining behavior and underestimate environmental influences (situational factors)
kendler - aim
kendler - sample
determine the role that genetics play in major depressive disorder
purposive sampling of 40000+ twins including 15000+ complete pairs from Swedish national twin registry
kendler findings
concordance rate for depression
FF mz
MM mz
FF dz (sig diff between mz and dz)
kendler evaluation
P: confirms previous research (reliability)
very large sample size from single population
L: no causal relationship, self reported info about depression (differences between M and F), questionable validity of clinical diagnosis of depression (not very reliable)
buss aim
investigate 3 evolution-based assumptions ab human mate selection
men will favor youth and physical appearance (high reproductive value)
man with resources to support offspring
chastity valued
buss-sample
37 samples from 33 countries with 10,000+ participants with mean age of 23
diff sampling technique from each country
buss - finding
support 1 and 2
women valued good financial prospects more
men preferred younger mates in all samples (close to peak female fertility age)
f prefer older
buss - evaluation
P: survey format allowed large, cross cultural sample
easy to compare and analyze results (scale)
L: self report may not be fully truthful
interpretation of ratings may be diff
miss out on important details bc clsoed response
historical validity low (1989 - sociocultural)
construct validity difficulty due to cultural norms
results do not tell us why these preferences exist
festinger aim
understand the coping method of participants when apocalypse did not happen
festinger hypothesis,
key metrics
greater commitment, less likely to change behavior despite major disappointment
degree of belief, actions taken by members and future actions (level of commitment)
festinger finding
proposed his theory of cognitive dissonance which argues that when they realized that they had sacrificed so much - both personally and professionally - to join the cult, but that the predictions appear to have been wrong, this led to extreme anxiety.
—> alleviate = justify their behavior.
accepting Ms. Keech's automatically written message that they had saved this world
defies logic
to maintain self esteem
festinger evaluation
P: Provide insight into cognition / proposal of theory of cognitive dissonance
Rich data from actual response
C: Ethical concerns due to covert observation
Researcher influence in participant observation
Suspicions due to observers (did not quit jobs, frequently left meetings, sudden inc in members, etc)
Observer fatigue, reliance on memory / possible distortion
Lack of standardized measurement tool / potential low interobserver reliability
scoville & milner aim
in 1953, scoville performed surgery on 27 year old HM to cure him of epileptic seizure
scoville & milner procedure
removed medial temporal lobe tissue and hippocampus. Milner started cognitive studying of HM once extent of memory loss was realized
scoville & milner finding
Hm lost ability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) and anterograde procedural memory
surgery to remove part of hippocampus, uncus, and amygdala resutled in total anterograde amnesia and partial retrograde amnesia
scoville & milner evaluation
P: method triangulation → indepth study, credibility
possible to investigate unethical or impractical cases
C: applicability low
transferability/generzability low
retrospective information cant be confirmed
high dose of anti epileptic drug he was taking before, memory loss
corkin aim
investigate the extent of the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe damage to HM brain and to determine whether this could be sufficient to have resulted in drastic memory loss suffered by HM
corkin procedure
one MRI scan conducted on HM in 1992 and 1993. before 1992 scan HM completed IQ test and memory test. IQ test showed that he had normal intelligence but memory test showed he had severe amnesia
corkin finding
Study demonstrates the importance of the hippocampus and the temporal medial lobe area for memory.
corkin evaluation
P: took care to ensure MRI did not cause trouble despite HM’s three non magnetic clips in brain
ethically: milner gave permission for MRI scans for HM instead of legal guardian