BIOL 319 Lab 9

cerebrum

pons

medulla

cerebellum

spinal cord

thalamus

occipital lobe

pineal gland

fourth ventricle

cerebellum

spinal cord

parietal lobe

corpus callosum

septum pellucidum

frontal lobe

hypothalamus

optic chiasm

pituitary gland

pons

medulla oblongata

cerebrum

largest region of the brain

outer granular layer

mostly made up of stellate cells, axons, and dendrites

outer pyramidal cell layer

mostly made up of pyramidal cells that increase in size as you move deeper into the layer

inner granular layer

mostly made of densely packed stellate cells

inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer

mostly composed of large pyramidal cells in the more superficial portion of the layer and a wide variety of cell morphologies in the deepest parts of the layer

longitudinal fissure

deep groove that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

Lateralization

specialization of cortical functions between the 2 hemispheres; look exactly alike but have different functions

gray matter

composed of unmyelinated neurons

gyrus

Fold or ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex

molecular layer

contains mainly dendrites synapsing with cortical neuron axons

sulcus

a shallow groove in the cerebral cortex

corpus callosum

band of white matter that connects the cerebral hemispheres

gray matter forms

the outer convoluted surface of the cerebrum and the foliated surface of the cerebellum

white matter lies

deep to the cerebral and cerebellar cortices

cortical gray matter

made of multipolar neuron cell bodies and attendant dendrites

pyramidal cells

most of the multipolar neurons of the cortex are classified as _____ due to the triangular shape of their cell bodies

cerebral cortex layers

1. molecular layer

2. outer granular layer

3. outer pyramidal cell layer

4. inner granular layer

5. inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer

meninges

molecular layer

outer granular layer

pyramidal cells

gray matter

inner granular layer

inner pyramidal cells

polymorphic cells

white matter

Diencephalon components

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

-gray matter areas that enclose the 3rd ventricle

thalamus

relay station for incoming sensory or integration information

hypothalamus

autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temp regulation, regulation of food intake, regulation of water balance and thirst, regulation of sleep-wake cycles, and control of endocrine system functioning

mammillary bodies

relay stations in the olfactory pathways

infundibulum

a stalk of hypothalamic tissue that connects to the pituitary gland

epithalamus

contains the pineal gland

pineal gland

secretes melatonin, which helps regulate the sleep-wake cycles

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

located in the hypothalamus; controls pineal gland through a complex feedback loop

melatonin

an indoleamin derived from tryptophan that regulates circadian rhythms

neuroglial cells

pinealoctyes

cerebellum function

coordination of complex movements; storage and processing of learned muscle patterns

cerebellum layers

molecular, purkinje, granular

molecular layer (cerebellum)

contains stellate and basket cells

molecular layer

purkinje layer

granular layer

purkinje cell

brain stem

consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

midbrain

located between the diencephalon and the pons; associated with inhibiting inappropriate muscle movements and dopamine signals to ease inhibition to allow for smooth movements

pons

located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata; chiefly composed of conduction tracts between higher brain centers and the spinal cord or between the motor cortex and cerebellum

medulla oblongata

most inferior part of the brain stem; control over the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

central canal

dorsal root

dorsal horn of gray matter

lateral horn of gray matter

ventral horn of gray matter

ventral root

dorsal median sulcus

dorsal funiculus of white matter

anterior commissure

dorsal root ganglion

lateral funiculus of white matter

spinal nerve

ventral funiculus of white matter

ventral median sulcus

oculomotor nerve

supplies four of the six extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit; these muscles are the inferior oblique, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and superior rectus

trochlear nerve

innervates the superior oblique and the trochlea

trigeminal nerve

three branches spring from this, the largest of the cranial nerves. It supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles

medulla oblongata

sphenoid sinus

abducens nerve

controls the lateral rectus

facial nerve

a large nerve that innervates muscles of facial expression

spinal cord

subarchnoid space

vestibulocochlear nerve

a sensory nerve for hearing and balance

glossopharyngeal nerve

innervates the tongue and pharynx, primary sensory to the throat

vagus nerve

only cranial nerve to extend beyond the head and neck to supply motor and sensory fibers to the visceral body organs of the thorax and abdomen

spinal accessory nerve

primarily motor and supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

hypoglossal nerve

innervates muscles of the tongue

meissner's corpuscles

function as light pressure receptors of the dermis and are located within the dermal papillae just below the epidermal/dermal border

saltatory conduction

the jumping of action potentials from node to node, increases action potential velocity

frontal horn of lateral ventricle

third ventricle