Ch 5

viruses are ______________

acellular

what types of genomes can viruses have

a single peice of nucleic acid or segmented

segmented

multiple pieces of nucleic acid

what types of nucleic acids can a virus have

dsDNA, ssDNA, ssRNA, and dsRNA

types of ssRNA

minus sensed RNA and plus sensed RNA

what is minus sensed RNA

cannot serve as RNA therefore can’t make proteins

what is plus sensed RNA

can serve as RNA therefore can be translated into proteins

what are the shapes that a capsid can be

either geometric (icosohedral) or non-geometric (pleomorphic)

pleomorphic meaning

no defined shape

icosahedral meaning

defined geometric shape

do viruses have to have envelopes

no, they can either have one or not have one

what are envelopes made of

lipids

what is the capsid made of

proteins

what does it mean by viruses are obligate intracellular parasites

what have narrowly defined conditions they can exist in and have to reproduce in a cell

what is H1N1

the seasonal flu

what is HIV

human immunodeficiency

herpes virus

contagious sores around mouth or genitals

what is a virus

the general term for the acellular form of a virus found inside or outside of a host cell

what is a virion

the complete infective form of the virus, it refers to the the extracellular state of the virus

what does extracellular state mean

before the virus invades the host cell

can a virion be enveloped or naked

yes, naked just depends on the specific virus

viruses infect _______ forms of life

all

can viruses infect other viruses

yes

what is a viriophage

it attacks other viruses

what is a satellite virus

it incorporates other viruses causing a co-infection of a host

what is a taxonomic name for a family of viruses

viridae

example of the family name for retrovirus

retroviridae

what is the genus name for smallpox

orthopoxvirus genus

what is the family name for the smallpox virus

poxviridae

most viruses are _________ than bacteria

smaller

what are the smallest microbes

viruses

what is required to se a virus

an electron microscope

what is the rhinovirus

common cold virus

what does the rhinovirus affect

the upper respiratory tract, nasal epithelium, and nasal mucosa

what do all viruses do

induce acute inflammation

family name for polio virus

picornaviridae family

types of polio

polia A, B, and C

what type of virus is the polio virus

small, naked, RNA virus

symptoms of polio virus

inflammation of skin, blood vessels, nerves and can cause meningitus and paralysis

what can the polio vaccine provide

life-long protection

what type of virus is HIV

enveloped RNA virus

what type of RNA is in HIV

two copies of plus sensed mRNA

HIV is able to reverse transcript it mRNA which means

it can convert its ssRNA into dsDNA that will help the virus integrate itself into the human host DNA of T-cells

what does HIV produce

a provirus

what is a provirus

a virus genome that never exits from the host genome

what type of virus is the rhabdoviridae family

rabies viruses

what type of virus is the rabies virus

enveloped RNA virus

what shape does the rabies virus have

a bullet shaped morphology

what symptoms does the rabies virus have

deadly, and acute encephalitis (brain inflammation) and if reaches the CNS, symptomatic rabies

how can someone protect themselves from rabies

a vaccine

types of influenza

H1N1 and H5N1

what family is the influenza virus a part of

orthomyxoviridae family

what are the influenza virus species

Types A and B (also C and D but these don’t affect humans)

which types of influenza are type A

H1N1, H5N1, and H3N2 strains

what type of influenza is the bird flu

H5N1

what type of virus is influenza

enveloped RNA virus

influenza is a segmented genome which means

their are 8 pieces of ssRNA with each being different because the originate from different host cells

why is their a new influenza vaccine every year

because every year theres a change in the strain which means the vaccine has to change to accomadate

what is the shape of the inluenza virus

pleomorphic capside shape

what is a pleomorphic capsid shape

no defined morphology

symptoms of seasonal influenza

upper and lower respiratory tract infection, headaches, muscle aches, fever

what type of virus is togaviridae

an RNA virus

what type of virus is picornaviridae

an RNA virus

what family is the rubella virus a part of

the togaviridae family

what is the rubella virus

measles and mumps

what type of virus is flaviviridae

an RNA virus

types of flaviviridae viruses

west nile, zika, yellow fever, and dengue fever

how are most flaviviridae viruses born

through mosquitos

what type of virus is retroviridae

an RNA virus

name some segative sensed RNA viruses

filoviridae, ebola, and marburg

what does ebola cause

hemorrhagic fever viruses

how many species of ebola are there

5, but only 4 are deadly to humans

what does marburg cause

viral hemorrhagic fever

what type of virus is areanaviridae

an RNA virus

what does arenaviridae cause

viral meningitis

what type of virus is reoviridae

an RNA virus

what type of viruses are caused by reoviridae

rotaviruses

what is the reoviridae made of

dsRNA (very rare) and segmented genome

what are the symptoms of reoviridae

GI and upper respiratory infections especially in children and can cause diarrheal disease amoung infants and young children

what type of virus is the adenoviridae family

a DNA virus

what symptoms does the adenoviridae cause

gland infections, some enteric diseases, and a few systemic diaease in compromised individuals

why are dsDNA viruses more complicated

because the genome is permanent

what type of virus is the herpesviridae family

a DNA virus

the viruses in the herpesviridae family are all able to cause what type of infections

a latent infection that causes the infection called herpes simplexes

what family is chickenpox/shingles a part of

the herpesviridae family

how is chickenpox/shingles spread

airborne

what symptoms does chickpox/shingles cause

acute skin inflammation

why is chickenpox/shingles dangerous

because it reisides in peripheral neurons (hidden in our own cells) and becomes dormant when hidden

scientific names of the chickenpox/shingles virus

varicella-zoster (chickenpox) or herpes-zoster

what type of virus is the poxviridae family

a DNA virus

types of viruses under the poxviridae family

smallpox, monkey pox, and cowpox

what is viral replication

the way viruses replicates itself by infecting a host cell

how does a virus replicate itself

it get absobed by the host cell, then penetrates the host cell to get to its ore, then starts to produce the pieces of the virus, then the virus matures and is built, then its released

steps of viral replication

1. absoption
2. penetration
3. synthesis (biosynthesis)
4. maturation (assembly
5. release

what two ways can a virus be released from a host cell

through lysis or budding

what type of viruses are released through lysis

non-enveloped viruses

what type of ciruses are released through budding

enveloped viruses

bacteriophage replication can be done in what two ways

lytic or lysogenic

how do bacteriphages replicate through lytic

the bacteriphage injects DNA into the bacterial cell and replicates, forming new virus particles and then released

how do bacteriphages replicate through lysogenic

they inject the cell with DNA, the DNA then integrates into the host DNA, then the cell becomes temperate or prophage, then the cell replicates eventually entering the lytic cycle, and then cells are released