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Chemistry
The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes
Chemistry
It is known as "Central Science"
Chemistry
the science that describes matter
Organic chemistry
the study of compounds containing hydrogen
Organic chemistry
Deals with hydrocarbons and its derivatives.
Biochemistry
Chemistry of living things
Physical Chemistry
Behavior of matter
Oxygen
most abundant element in earth's crust, ocean, and human body
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Mass
Measure of the quantity of matter.
Kinetic energy
Energy in motion.
Endothermic
Absorbs heat
melting
solid to liquid
condensation
Gas to liquid
sublimation
solid to gas
Chemical properties
Exhibited by matter as it undergoes changes in composition
Extensive Properties
If this doubles the property, what is it?
Intensive Properties
If the property is unchanged by altering the sample size, what is it?
Chemical Change
when a 2 solution are mixed forming a solid
Physical change
a chemical change has taken place
Mixture
Has variable Composition (e.g. 70%, 80% or 95% ethanol in water)
Mixture
may be separated through physical means
Pure Substance
Fixed composition (can't be separated)
Dalton's Theory
A theory says that all matter is composed of atoms and these cannot be made or destroyed.
Mass Number
The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Nuclide Symbol
Represents the composition of the nucleus
The Atomic Weight
Many elements occur in nature as mixtures of isotopes.
Leucippus and Democritus
said that atom is a solid indivisible sphere
Leucippus and Democritus
Greek word "Atomos" - uncuttable
Aristotle and Others
said that Matter is made up of four elements
John Dalton
atom as solid sphere indivisible
electrical forces
elements of chemical compound are held together by _____
Humphry Davy
Relationship between the amount of electricity used in electrolysis and the amount of chemical reaction that occurs.
Michael Faraday
that electrons are electric ions
Cathode-Ray Tube Experiment
Most convincing evidence of electrons
Cathode-Ray Tube Experiment
Uses Plum pudding model
Cathode-Ray Tube Experiment
A discovery of electron that was made by Joseph John Thomson in 1897
Oil-drop Experiment
A discovery of electron that was made by Robert Millikan in 1909
Oil-drop Experiment
Determine the charge of electrons
Canal Rays Experiment
discovery of protons by Eugen Goldstein
Canal Rays Experiment
Cathode-ray tube also generates a stream of positively charged particles
Canal Rays Experiment
These positive rays, or positive ions, are created when the gaseous atoms in the tube lose electrons.
(Ernest) Rutherford's Model
The Scattering Experiment is made by whom in 1910?
Rutherford's Model
Atoms consist of very small, very dense positively charged nuclei
Nuclear Model
Positive charge localized in the NUCLEUS
H.G.J. Moseley
the one who arranged elements by atomic number
J. Chadwick
the one who discovered the neutron
Bohr's Planetary Model
Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels
Louis de Brogli
proposed the idea of wave-like nature of electrons
Quantum mechanics
Based on the wave properties of matter
Werner Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
it is not possible to know both the momentum and the position of a particle at the same time
Erwin Schrödinger's Wave Equation
It estimates the position of electrons and quantifies energy levels.
Atomic Orbitals
Regions of space in which the probability of finding an electron is high.
Erwin Schrödinger
Made electron cloud model & quantum mechanical model
Oxygen
common element in periodic table
nitrogen
most abundant element in air (atmosphere)
hydrogen
most abundant element in universe
Inorganic chemistry
Focuses on inorganic compounds, metals, and minerals.
Analytical chemistry
the identification of the components (qualitative analysis)
Analytical chemistry
amount of each substance (quantitative analysis)
Biochemistry
Study of processes in living organisms.
Volume
The amount of space an object takes up
Energy
The capacity to do work or to transfer heat.
Potential energy
Energy at rest.
Exothermic
Releases heat
Solids
Molecules packed close together orderly
Solids
Definite shape and volume
Liquids
assumes any shapes like the shape of container
Liquids
Molecules are close but randomly arranged
Gases
A state of matter, have no fixed shape and fills in any container
Gases
expands definitely, and highly compresible
Gases
Molecules are far apart
freezing
liquid to solid
boiling/ evaporation
Liquid to gas
deposition
gas to solid
Physical properties
Can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.
Physical properties
color, hardness, melting point, and boiling point is an example of what?
Chemical properties
hydrogen has the potential to ignite and explode given the right conditions is an example of what?
Extensive Properties
dependent on the amount of substance present
Intensive Properties
independent of the amount of substance present
Chemical change
Occurs when one or more substances are used up, and new substances are formed.
Chemical change
the change is "irreversible"
Physical change
No change in chemical composition, and the change is reversible.
Homogeneous Mixtures
a mixture in which the composition is uniform (solutions)
Heterogeneous Mixtures
a mixture in which the composition is distinguishable (suspension)
Compounds
Consist of atoms of two or more different elements bound together.
Elements
Consist of only one kind of atom
Atom
The smallest unit that retains the properties of an element.
John dalton
Uses experimental observation approach
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, determining its identity.
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different masses.
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
democritus
uses philosophical approach
Saturn-like model
A discovery of electron that was made by Hantaro Nagaoka (1903)
H.G.J. Moseley
who studied X-rays given off by various elements?
Niels Bohr's Model
Describes electrons revolving around the nucleus in discrete circular orbits.
Bohr's Planetary Model
Each orbit thus corresponds to a definite energy level for the electron.
Note 
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