unit 6 study guide: renaissanc, reformation, and exploration

What does the word “renaissance” mean? What are the characteristics of this time period?

Meaning rebirth

1. urban society made city-states

2. Secular (worldly)

3. Centers politics economic and social life

How are the Italian states organized? Name 3 important and powerful Italian city-states.

Had no centralized monarchical and state

1. Florence

2. Milan

3. Venice

Milan

1. Rides city-states

2. Created efficient tax system

3. Ruled by the Visconti

Venice

1. Major northern Italian city-state

2. Rich for trading

3. Trade gave it status of international power

Florence

1. Dominated Region of Tuscany

2. Republican system of government

3. Cultural center of Italy

Who is Nicole Machiavelli? Why was is essay, THE PRINCE, important?

Florence- diplomant

Most influential work on political Power in western world. Prince must understand human nature

What is the urban hierarchy in the Italian city-states? What is the 3rd estate?

They held significant economic and political power

3. Workers: earned law wages, lived miserable lives. 30-30% urban population

What are the 3 things that the intellectual and artistic renaissance emphasized?

1. Individualism

2. Secularism

3. Humanism

What effect di the humanist movement have on education?

Began to judge people on merit rather than birth. Humanists wrote books on education and opened schools.

We’re peasants and women impacted by the humanists movement? Why or why not?

Yes, the humanist focus on individual potential and classical ideas

What language was popularly used for written works in renaissance Italy? Name 3 well-known authors from this time period.

Classical Latin but vernacular was also used

1. Donte

2. Geoffrey chavars

3. Francis

How did art change from the Middle Ages to the renaissance?

Imitate nature in art (reality)

Name 2 renaissance artists and list their most well-known works.

Leonardo da Vinci-Mona Lisa

Michelangelo- Sistine chapel

Why were more people able to participate in leisure activities like theater, games, and opera?

1. boader range of people

2. Rise of wealthier middle class

Who was the founder of modern experimental science who emerged during the scientific renaissance?

Galileo

Pick 3 inventions from the scientific renaissance and explain their importance

1. Clock: 1581 through use of pendulum only had mechanical clocks before

2. Printing: mid 1400’s movable printing

3. Lenses: 1608; Hans lippersly put too lenses together making a magnified glass

Financial corruption:

The papacy was involved in extensive financial mismanagement and corruption

Pluralism:

Highest clergy members were nobles or wealthy bourgeoisie who bought positions

Absenteeism:

Church officials ignored duties and paid subordinates to run offices

Sale of indulgences

The practice of seeking indulgence, which were supposed to reduce time in purgatory, was seen as a morally representing way to raise money

What is the chief teaching of the Protestant reformation?

Is the doctrine of salvation (grace through faith alone)

Who was martin Luther? What were his 95 theses?

A German theologian who initiated the Protestant reformation. The 95 thesis challanges the church, particularly to sale of indulgences

How was the printing press important for the spread of the Protestant reformation?

Printed copies and spread throughout Germany

What happened at the edict of worms?

1. Outlaws usher within the Holy Roman Empire

2. The Catholic Church considered Luther a heretic, and demanded to be captured

What are some primary differences the Protestant church and the Catholic Church?

Protestants: believe the Bible is the ultimate authority

Catholics: recognize both the Bible and church tradition

Why was the German Lutheran army able to defeat the catholic army?

Strong leadership, effective tactics, highly motivated soilders

What did the peace of Augsburg allow German princes, the head of an independent German state, the freedom to do?

To choose the religion of their respective states

Describe some effects of the protestant reformation

Divisions within Europe, sparking conflicts and war

Switzerland Protestant reformation movement resulted in the cation of Calvinism. how is Calvinism different from Lutheranism?

The sacraments, the role of the church society, and their views on predestination

Why did king Henry VIII split England from the Catholic Church

1534 parliament broke from church in Rome

After the church of England was created, who became the head of the Church of England?

King Henry VIII

1st wife

Cathrine of Argon- divorced

2nd wife

Anne Boleyn- beheaded

3rd wife

Jane Seymour- died of childbirth

4th wife

Anne of cleves- divorced (ugly)

5th wife

Catherine Howard- beheaded

6th wife

Catherine parr- lived

How did queen Mary strengthen England Protestant population?

Burned over 300 Protestants “Bloody Mary”

Who were Anabaptists and what were some of their beliefs that were different from the Protestant church?

1. Disliked Luther giving power to state

2. Appealed to peasants, weavers, miners, and artisans

What were some radical changes in religious practices as a result of Protestant reformation?

1. Abolished practice of indulgences

2. Ended celebration of many holy days

Jesuits

1. (Society of Jews)

2. Missionaries restored Catholicism

Reformed papacy

1. Pope Paul III

2. Appointed reform Commision

Council of Trent

Met in the city of Trent (between Germany and Italy)

What was the effect of the council of Trent?

1. Booth faith and work sere necessary for salvation

2. Clarified the importance of sacraments

The age of exploitation began as a search for what?

A better trade route to Asia and 36’s

What are other motivations for European nations to invest in exploration?

Besides to spread Christianity, they are motivated by the pursuit of wealth (gold, spices, and other resources)

What technologies made exploration possible during this time period?

1. Astrologer

2. Campus

Portugal

Bartolommeo Dias, Vancouver da gamba: south tip of Africa brazil

Spain

Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, Ferdinand Magellan: north and South Africa

Netherlands

Henry Hudson: North America

France

Jacques Cartier, Marquette and Joliet: Canada, West Indies

England

John Cabot, Francis drake: India, Southeast Asia, Jamaica, northeast America

What was the commercial revolution? What were some effects of the commercial revolution?

Increase of European commerce

1. Moving from competition among cities o competitions among nations

2. Search for wealth overseas

3. New business methods

What is mercantilism?

New theory of national economic policy (every states power depended on its wealth)

What global effects did the cultural revolution have?

1. Population b/c more mobile and demanded more goods and services

2. Supply people with more goods

3. Moving from rural