Grade 11 Bio cells test

Nucleolus

Nucleolus

(metabolism - produces rRNA)

A factory inside the nucleus that forms ribosomal RNA and makes ribosomes

Nucleus

(storage)

The nucleus is the brain of the cell and controls the cell's activities. Hereditary or genetic information is stored into chromosomes in the nucleus. Each chromosome contains a different number of genes. Each gene has the instructions to produce protein. Nucleic acid and protein make up all chromosomes. The nucleic acid in chromosomes is called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Prokayotic

Prokaryotic = a cell that does not have its chromosomes surrounded by a nuclear membrane (e.g. bacteria, cyanobacteria)

Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic = A cell that has a true nucleus and a nuclear membrane that surrounds the well defined nucleus. (e.g. Plant and animal cells)

Ribosomes

(metabolism)

Ribosomes are small organelles that synthesize proteins. They are made of rRNA and proteins, and are only 20nm in length.

Little factories that convert the cell's genetic blueprint into molecules.

Lysosome

(metabolism)

The lysosome is an organelle that is bound by a single membrane and formed by the Golgi Apparatus. They break down large molecules in the cytoplasm such as large food particles. They also destroy any harmful substances in the cell by releasing their digestive enzymes. The protein remaining is called pus. This organelle is only found in animal cells.

Rough ER

(Production)

Endoplasmic reticulum are interconnected canals that carry materials throughout the cytoplasm.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum has lots of ribosomes attached to it. The rough ER is more developed in cells that specialise in secreting proteins (like cells in the pancreas). Most protein production

Golgi apparatus

(metabolism, storage)

It stores, modifies, and packages proteins from the rough ER. The golgi apparatus is actually membranous sacs piled on top of each other. The membrane structures of the golgi apparatus pinch off at the ends to make smaller protein filled sacs called vesicles. These vesicles move toward the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and empty the proteins outside of the cell.

Microtubule

(metabolism)

Pipelike structures that are found in the cytoplasm. They are tiny tubelike fibres that help transport materials through the cytoplasm of a cell. They are made of proteins and are found in cilia and flagella. Microtubules provide movement and shape for the cells.

Cilia

Cilia are small hairlike structures found on cell membranes. They also move like flagella but often move in a coordinated fashion.

Flagella

Flagellum helps cells move by using contractile proteins to spin it in a corkscrew motion just like a propeller on a boat.

Smooth ER

(metabolism)

The smooth ER does not have any ribosomes attached to it, and its structure is for synthesizing fats and lipids. The SER is seen in cells of developing seeds and in animal cells that produce and discharge steroid hormones.

Helps detox the cell

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are referred to as the powerhouse of the cell. This is because they provide the cell energy in a series of chemical processes called cellular respiration. In this process, sugar and oxygen molecules combine to form CO2 and water. They also release some energy that is temporarily stored in a compound called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

vacuole

(storage)

Vacuoles isolate harmful materials, store and contain waste, store water, and maintain internal turgor pressure in plant cells. Turgor pressure is the force that pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall. It can also export unwanted substances from the cell.

Cytoplasm

(storage)

A fluid that has all the parts of a cell inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus. Think of it as a gel that's holding all the organelles in place. When waste builds up, the cytoplasm stores it until proper disposal can be carried out. In terms of its transporting abilities, you can compare it to your blood.

Transport Vesicle

(metabolism)

A transport vesicle is a small protein filled sac that moves toward the plasma membrane after being pinched off by the golgi apparatus. They fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents in a process called exocytosis. Vesicles can also be formed when the plasma membrane brings stuff into the cell. This process is called endocytosis.

What is exocytosis?

A process where a transport vacuole empties its contents into the cell membrane

What does ATP sstand for?

adenosine triphosphate

What is endocytosis?

A process where the transport vacuole take in materials from the cell membrane

Centriole pair

(structure since they arrange microtubules to keep the cell's shape during mitosis)

Centrioles are small protein bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of an animal cell. Centrioles are a crucial part of cell division. In cell division, they move to opposite poles of the cell and create an attachment for spindle fibres, which are for guiding the attachment and movement of chromosomes. They also help make the cytoskeleton

Cell membrane

(protection)

A cell membrane is the outermost boundary of the cell, and is made of proteins and a bilayer of lipids, also known as fat molecules. The cell membrane holds everything into place and regulates what goes in and out of the cell, making it a semi-permeable membrane.

Cell Wall

Plant cell

((structure)

(Protection)

Composed of cellulose, the cell wall is rigid. Its function is to protect the plant cell and support it. Some plants have a primary cell wall, and some have a secondary cell wall. Examples of plants with a primary cell wall include flower petals, and cells like tree cells have a secondary cell wall, making it more rigid.

Large Central Vacuole

Plant cell

(storage)

(structure)

The large central vacuole is like the cell's water reservoir. It holds excess water, isolates harmful materials, and stores waste. Not only does it act like a storage unit, but it also helps with the structure of the plant cell. The large central vacuole puts pressure called turgor pressure onto the cell membrane. This is important because it provides the plant extra rigidity and helps it stand upright. That is why when plants wilt, they start drooping since they don't have the required turgor pressure to keep them upright.

Chloroplast

Plant cell

(metabolism)

Plastids are chemical factories and storehouses that hold food and pigment. Chloroplasts are plastids that have chlorophyll and specialize in photosynthesis. They also have their own DNA and ribosomes different from the cell's DNA, and are self replicating.

What is the structure and function of a transport vacuole

Small membrane bound spheres

Vesicles mean small vessels. This organelle helps store and transport products produced by the cell. The vesicles are the transport and delivery vehicles like our mail and Federal Express trucks. Some vesicles deliver materials to parts of the cell and others transport materials outside the cell in a process called exocytosis.

What is the structure and function of a vacuole

Membrane bound sacs

Vacuoles have many functions such as water storage, nutrient and waste storage, and structural support (in plant cells)

What is the structure and function of a large central vacuole

A large membrane bound sac in a plant cell

Plant cells have what looks like a very large empty space in the middle. This space is called the vacuole. Don't be fooled - the vacuole contains large amounts of water and stores other important materials such as sugars, ions, and pigments.

What is the structure and function of a lysosome

A sac made with a phospholipid membrane

Created by the Golgi complex, these help break down large molecules into smaller pieces that the cell can use.

What is the structure and function of a peroxisome

A small membrane bound sac.

These collect and safely break down chemicals that are toxic to the cell.

What is the order of protein production

Nucleolus, chromosomes, ribosomes, Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles

What is the role of the nucleolus in protein production

The nucleolus contains rRNA, and creates ribosomes. The nucleus transcribes RNA and bonds it with complementary DNA bases to form messenger RNA bonds.

What is the role of the chromosomes in protein production

Chromosomes hold the genetic code for synthesizing proteins.

What is the role of ribosomes in protein production

Ribosomes are the factory. Once the mRNA reaches the ribosomes, they take amino acids and arrange them to make polypeptide chains. These chains are put together to make protein.

What is the role of the Rough ER in protein production

In the rough ER, ribosomes are also attached to it. It is basically the quality control, and it makes sure proteins are properly folded before they are sent to the golgi apparatus.

What is the role of the golgi in protein production

The golgi apparatus is a pile of membranous sacs. When the proteins from the rough Er arrive, it modifies, stores, and packages them in their membranous sacs. The protein sacs pinch off and form transport vesicles.

What is the role of the transport vesicle in protein production

These transport vesicles deliver the protein that was pinched off to other organelles, for secretion, or for insertion into the cell membrane.