The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I UNIT 7

Second Industrial Revolution (543)

Technological rev., after first indust rev. Highlights electricity, chemicals, railroads,

refers to a period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancement that occurred primarily in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, marked by innovations in steel production, electricity, and chemical processes.

Bessemer Process (544)

auto-mass production of steel by Henry Bessemer

enabling mass production of steel, which became essential for infrastructure, transportation, and machinery in 2nd rev.

Panic of 1873 (544)

first Great depression, was a global financial crisis caused by overinvestment in railroads, speculative excesses, and economic instability, leading to a severe depression and widespread unemployment.

affected the U.S. and European nations, including Germany, Britain, and France

Alexander Graham Bell (544)

Scot scientist, known for creating the telephone mostly, also made other inventions like the metal detector, graphophone record and play back sound.

revolutionized communication but also played a significant role in the advancements of technology and science during a period marked by rapid industrial growth and intellectual development.

Thomas Edison (544)

American inventor, mostly known for inventing a lightbulb

inventing the phonograph, the electric light bulb, and the motion picture camera, which significantly transformed everyday life and industrial practices. Edison's innovations exemplify the spirit of innovation that characterized this period, leading to advancements in communication, entertainment, and energy.

Gottlieb Daimler (544)

German mechanical engineer who was a major figure in the early history of the automotive industry.

developed the first liquid petroleum vehicle

Wright Brothers (544)

Orville and Wilbur

American aviation pioneers credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful powered airplane in 1903. Their work laid the foundation for modern aeronautics

Henry Ford (545)

American industrialist and the founder of the Ford Motor Company,

made cheap cars that people could buy and drove the car industry forward.

make owning a car both practical and affordable

London Great Exhibition (546)

Crystal palace exhibition, aimed to celebrate modern design and promote Britain as an industrial and imperial power.

glass and iron building in Hyde Park, Westminster

Petite bourgeoisie (546)

lower middle class,

small business owners, shopkeepers, artisans, and white-collar workers, who often own production and contribute their own labor

anti-Semitism (566)

Discrimination against Jews, hatred toward Jews.

The New Paris (550)

Paris transformed into a modern, elegant city during the 17th-18th centuries, becoming a cultural and urban center with improved infrastructure and Enlightenment ideals.

Baron Georges Haussman (550)

French civic planner best known for his extensive renovation of Paris during the mid-19th century, transforming it into a modern city

The metro (551)

subway system

Suburbs (551)

an area on the edge of a large town or city where people who work in the town or city often live

Cholera (551)

disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration. This disease became a significant public health concern in the 19th century, particularly in urban areas where poor sanitation and crowded living conditions facilitated its spread

Louis Rene Villerme (552)

Louis-René Villermé (1782–1863) was a French physician and social reformer who studied social epidemiology, linking poor working conditions and poverty to public health issues, and influenced early labor and health reforms.

Edwin Chadwick (552)

British social reformer who championed public health improvements, linking poor sanitation to disease and influencing the 1848 Public Health Act.

Melun Act of 1851 (552)

French public health law addressing housing conditions and urban sanitation.

Paris Commune (526)

short rev. government in Paris that promoted socialist reforms before being violently suppressed.

Jules Simon (554)

French philosopher, statesman, and leader of the Moderate Republicans during the Third French Republic,

known for his work in education, public policy, and philosophy.

Married Women's Property Act (555)

reforms that granted married women the right to own and manage property independently of their husbands, significantly enhancing their financial autonomy and legal status.

Court of Matrimonial Causes (555)

The Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes was established in 1857 to handle divorce and family law matters, transferring jurisdiction from ecclesiastical courts to a civil court system in England.

University of Zurich (557)

founded in 1833, Switzerland's largest university and a leading research institution known for its diverse academic programs and notable alumni, including twelve Nobel laureates.

Putting-out system (559)

The putting-out system is when a business gives raw materials to people at home to make products, which they then sell.

Cult of Domesticity (560)

19th-century ideology that defined women's roles as devoted wives and mothers, emphasizing virtues such as piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity.

The Subjection of Women (562)

John Stuart Mill's essay advocating for gender equality and critiquing the societal oppression of women.

National Union of Women's Suffrage societies (562)

founded in 1897 in the UK and led by Millicent Garrett Fawcett, aimed to secure voting rights for women through peaceful advocacy and unification of various suffrage groups.

Pogroms (564)

violent attack aimed at massacring or expelling a specific ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews, often involving mob violence and state complicity.

Bolsheviks/Mensheviks (573)

The Bolsheviks were a faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party led by Lenin that advocated for a centralized, revolutionary approach to socialism,

while the Mensheviks, led by Martov, favored a more democratic and gradual transition to socialism.