BIO II FINAL EXAM PII

respiratory system

What is the gas exchange?

process of moving CO2 and O2 in opposite directions between the environment, bodily fluids, and cells

What is the makeup of air?

21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, approximately 1% CO2 and other gases

What is the solubility of gas?

dissolve in water (fresh, sea, or bodily fluid kind), but most dissolve poorly in water

What factors influence a gas’s solubility in water?

pressure of the gas, temperature of the water, presence of other solutes

What is ventilation?

the process of bringing oxygenated water or air into contact with a gas-exchange organ

What are the four common features of respiratory organs?

moist surfaces on which gases dissolve and diffuse, high surface area for gas exchange, extensive blood circulation (capillaries), thin and delicate structures (simple epithelium)

What are gills?

specialized respiratory structures in water-breathing animals

What are external gills?

uncovered extensions from the body surface

What are some limitations of external gills?

unprotected and subject to damage, energy is required to wave gills back and forth, appearance and motion may attract predators

What are internal gills?

gills of fishes, many with an operculum

What are gill arches?

main support structure of gills

What do gill arches contain?

filaments composed of lamellae

What are lamellae (in gills)?

blood sacs (capillary beds)

What is the countercurrent exchange?

water and blood flowing in different directions, maximizes oxygen diffusion into blood

What is buccal pumping?

hydrostatic pressure gradient created by lowering jaw to suck water in and opening operculum to draw water through

What prevents fish from swallowing water as they inhale?

a flap of tissue

What is ram ventilation?

swimming with mouth open

What is the flow-through system of breathing in fishes?

water moves unidirectionally (both buccal pumping and ram ventilation are this)

What is the countercurrent exchange mechanism?

oxygen (and carbon dioxide) diffuse as long as there is a gradient of O2 (and CO2)

What is cutaneous respiration?

gas exchange through the integument

What are characteristics of animals that use cutaneous respiration?

thin, moist skin, lots of capillaries, no barriers to diffusion

What animals use cutaneous respiration?

some fish and some amphibians

What is buccopharyngeal respiration?

breathing through the mouth I’m guessing

What is the larynx?

upper part of the trachea (windpipe), also where the vocal chords/voice box is located

What is the pharynx?

back of mouth cavity, where respiratory and digestive tracts cross

What is the trachea?

opening (glottis)

What is the trachea made of?

rings of cartilage (for rigidity), lined with cilia and mucus

Where do the bronchi branch from?

the trachea

What are bronchioles?

repeated branching of bronchi

What do bronchioles contain?

circular rings of smooth muscle to dilate or constrict passage

What are alveoli?

where the bronchioles empty into, the site of the gas exchange

What is the diaphragm?

large muscular organ separating thoracic and abdominal cavities (smooth, involuntary muscle)